Degrees proof

Spirits are described as so many degrees over proof (OP) or under proof (UP). Sometimes, for alcoholic liquors, spirit strength is given in degrees proof, e.g. proof spirit is 100° proof and 70° proof 30° under proof (i.e. a solution eontaining 70% of proof spirit). 

An old-fashioned way of measuring the alcohol (the chemical name is ethanol) content in spirits is to quote the concentration of alcohol in terms of degrees proof. The measurement was made by pouring the spirit over gunpowder. If the gunpowder would not bum, the spirit was under-proof - it contained too much water. The spirit that had a concentration of ethanol that would just allow gunpowder to bum was termed 100 proof spirit, written 100°. A sample that is 100° contains 50% ethanol (v/v), so 70° whisky contains about 35% ethanol. 

Proof A measur ent of the absolute ethanol content of a distillate containing ethanol and water. Each degree proof is equal to 0.5% of ethanol by volume. 

In order to determine the tme proof of a distilled spidt sample, it must not contain soflds. However, if the sample contains less than 600 mg/100 mL of sohds, an obscuration factor can be used it is added to the apparent proof. For example, one hundred milligrams of soflds per 100 milliliters reduces the apparent proof by 0.4 of 1 degree of proof. If the sample contains more than 600 milligrams of soflds, it must be distilled. 

Purchase Price Typical purchase prices, including drive motors, of tubular and disk sedimenting centrifuges are given in Table 18-16. The price will vary upward with the use of more exotic materials of construc tion, the need for explosion-proof elec trical gear, the type of enclosure required for vapor containment, and the degree of portability, and this holds for all types of centrifuges. 

Splash proof As in (2) but, unless the degree of proteetion aeeording to lEC 60034-5 is specified, this remains a vague term and is not in frequent use. 

The rate of iodine formation depends on the degree of A"-substitu-tion. Compounds which are unsubstituted on both the iV-atoms (35) and those wdth a single A -substituent (43) liberate instantly the calculated quantity of iodine in the cold. However, the 1,2-disubstituted diaziridines (44) need brief heating with the acid iodine solution they then give 95-100% of the calculated iodine. " This effect of substitution is so well defined that it can be used for a proof of constitution. The diaziridino-triazolidincs (37) prepared from aldehydes, ammonia, and chloramine give complete iodine liberation only on heating. Thus the structure 57 which is isomeric with 37 can be eliminated. ... 

A splash-proof machine is an open machine in which the ventilating openings are so constructed that successful operation is not interfered with when drops of liquid or solid particles strike or enter the enclosure at any angle not greater than 60 degrees downward from the vertical. 

The proof of this theorem, which is not difficult, will not be given here. Since the graph associated with the Konigsberg land-bridge connections has three vertices of odd degree, it cannot be unicursal (or traceable). Obviously it is not an Euler graph. 

A minor notational point is that, strictly speaking, one should fix once and for all what symbols are to be 1-place functions, 1-place predicates, 2-place functions, variables, etc. This would lead to an unpleasant degree of subscripting. So we shall try to play both games. That is, for the formalism and the proofs we shall assume that this has been done and everything is clearly marked and unambiguous and consistent. For example, if we have a subseheme ... 

Note Added in Proof. The stereochemistry of the Diels-Alder addition reactions shown in Scheme 1 to give products 20-22 has been examined by 400 MHz lH-NMR. These data indicate that the cycloadditions occur with a high degree of stereoselectivity (having diastereoselectivities of greater than 94 6). The chiral Fe environment of the dienophile 17 strongly influences the direction of the facial attack of the diene reactants. 

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