Stain-proofing

Trichloroethane, Cj Cl is the active ingredient in aerosols that claim to stain-proof men s ties. Trichloroethane has a vapor pressure of 100.0 mm Hg at 20.0°C and boils at 74.1°G An uncovered cup (y pint) of trichloroethane (d = 1325 g/mL) is kept in an 18-ft3 refrigerator at 39°F. What percentage (by mass) of the trichloroethane is left as a liquid when equilibrium is established ... 

In much the same way, natural polymeric fibers like wool, cotton, silk, etc., are often touted as superior to anything that is man-made or synthetic. But is this fair There is no doubt that natural fibers have a unique set of properties that have withstood the test of time (e.g., it is difficult, but not impossible, to match silk s feel or cotton s ability to breathe ). On the other hand, consider Lycra , a completely synthetic fiber produced by DuPont (Figure 1-12) that has a truly amazing set of properties and is the major component of Spandex (a material that keeps string bikinis on ). Or consider the wrinkle-free polyester fibers used in clothing and the stain proof nylon and polyacrylonitrile polymers used in carpets. The point here is that polymers, be they natural" or synthetic, are all macromolecules but with different chemical structures. The challenge is to design polymers that have specific properties that can benefit mankind. 

Trichloroethane Degreasers, typewriter correction fluids, fabric stain-proofing products... 

Another foil type offered by laminate supphers, reverse-treated foil (RTF), offers an advantage for producing fine lines. The RTF copper has adhesion promoter applied to both sides and is classified by 4562 as code R (reverse-treated bond enhancement [cathode side] stain-proofing on both sides).This approach provides advantages to imaging fine lines. When the copper tooth is reversed, the fabricator can improve fine definition by allowing the etch chemistry process to stop at the surface of the laminate. 

Applications for tent materials such as vinyl chloride are growing steadily. In the background of this growth there is not only the material s remarkable stain-proof capability itself but also the economic savings that are brought about by the resultant clear films that enable less lighting loads, which in turn reduces air-conditioning costs. 

The apparent failure of trivalent and tetravalent cations to enter plants could result from the interaction of the cations with the phospholipids of the cell membranes. Evidence for such interactions is provided by the use of lanthanum nitrate as a stain for cell membranes (143) while thorium (IV) has been shown to form stable complexes with phospholipid micelles (144). However, it is possible that some plant species may possess ionophores specific to trivalent cations. Thomas (145) has shown that trees such as mockernut hickory can accumulate lanthanides. The proof of the existence of such ionophores in these trees may facilitate the development of safeguards to ensure that the actinides are not readily transported from soil to plants. 

Uses Solvent for natural and synthetic resins, cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, and some dyes nail polishes dyeing leather sealing moisture-proof cellophane lacquers, varnishes, enamels, wood stains in solvent mixtures perfume fixative jet fuel de-icing additive. 

Recently, a method has been developed to microinject cell-polymer suspensions into 3-D collagen matrices in a 96-well plate format. This was used to perform a proof-of-principle screen of known signaling pathway inhibitors in murine breast cancer cells. The cells were visualized by staining of the actin cytoskeleton and effects of the compounds measured using multiparametric imaging. The system also proved amenable to the use of enzymatically... 

Different histochemical tests have been used for peroxidase identification. Benzidine (4.33) has been used as a staining reagent, as well as guaiacol (4.34) and pyrogallol (4.35). However, until the 1970s, no reliable methods were known that allowed a sharp discrimination between oxidase and peroxidase activities (Maehly and Chance, 1954). Harkin and Obst (1973) reported the syringaldazine (4.36) histochemical test for peroxidase. This test permitted the proof of exclusive peroxidase participation in the lignification process. 

In the crime laboratory, absolute proof that a stain is of seminal origin is only afforded by the microscopic observation of intact spermatozoa. However, one laboratory reported that spermatozoa were observed in only approximately 50 of the cases where a stain was suspected to be of seminal origin. In cases where no spermatozoa are found, alternate methods have been developed for seminal stain "identification."... 

During World War I and World War II, most workers who routinely handled tetryl powder and pellets in munitions factories developed a distinct yellow staining of the skin. Many workers also developed skin rashes. These workers were exposed to high concentrations of tetryl dust in the air and by direct contact with the explosives. There are no medical tests to show if you have been specifically exposed to tetryl. However, if the breakdown products of tetryl found in the urine of animals exposed to tetryl were also present in the urine of exposed humans, these breakdown products could be used to indicate exposure to tetryl or similar substances. The symptoms caused by exposure to tetryl can also occur for many other reasons therefore, they cannot be used as proof of tetryl exposure. Refer to Chapters 2 and 6 for more information. 

Type E is also known as the sea-blue histiocytes syndrome and is considered to be a special form of Niemann-Pick disease found in adults. The stored, ceroid-like, acid-proof and PAS-positive pigment shows a sea-blue colour on Giemsa staining. Hepatosplenomegaly is present thrombopenia is likewise in evidence due to bone marrow involvement. Cirrhosis may develop. The prognosis is considered to be good. (243)... 

Stain for Acid Proof Bacteria Including B. Tuberculosis.—... 

Use Solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, alcohol-soluble dyes, natural and synthetic resins, solvent mixtures, lacquers, enamels, varnishes, leather perfume fixative wood stains sealing moisture-proof cellophane jet fuel deicing additive. 

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