Water proof

J. L. Moilliet, Ed., Water Proofing and Water Repellency, Elsevier, New York, 1963. 

A water-proof machine is a totally enclosed machine so constructed that it will exclude water applied in the form of a stream of water from a hose, except that leakage may occur around the shaft provided it is prevented from entering the oil reservoir and provision is made for automatically draining the machine. The means for automatic draining may be a check valve or a tapped hole at the lowest part of the frame which will serve for application of a drain pipe. 

The traditional way of making these products is to mix the fat and the flour, a process known as rubbing in the fat. This name is understandable, deriving from the time when the fat was literally rubbed into the flour with the finger tips - this has the effect of water proofing the flour, which reduces gluten formation as the proteins need to absorb water for... 

Some lignosulfonic acids are used as a tanning auxiliary. The tanning effect is due to the sulfonic acid groups and not to the phenolic hydroxyls in the product there is only about one free phenol group in every third Cg unit in hgnin and many of these may be sterically inaccessible. Leather tanned with lignosulfonates is therefore not water-proof. 

The refined waxes and oils have a wide variety of end uses eg in the manufacture of hand cleaners, hair pomades, milking creams, waxed food cartons, chewing gum, desensitiser in the explosives industry, crayons, candles, printing ink, industrial jellies, water proofing, carbon paper wax, hot melt adhesives, paints, varnishes and many others. 

Another group of very powerful non-permitted explosives are the Ammonals VA-2, VA-4, VA-8. All are water-proof. They are characterized by the presence of aluminium powder. Their properties are similar to those of rock Ammonits. The non-permitted explosives include low-freezing 62% dynamite composed of ... 

A water-proof modification of a permitted Ammonit is water-proof Ammonit PZh V-20. It is more easily detonated than Ammonit No. 8. The other water-proof Ammonits are AP-4 ZhV and AP-5 ZhV. They are used in damp conditions. 

The permitted explosives Pobedits (Pobeda=Victory) are widely used rock and coal Pobedit PU-2 water-proof Pobedit VP-1 Pobedit No. 6 water-proof Pobedit VP-2. 

Properties Neftyanoy Ammonit No. 1 Neftyanoy Ammonit No. 2 Water-proof neftyanoy Ammonit No. 3... 

Protection of ammonium nitrate against moisture by storage under completely dry conditions, e.g. by means of suitable water-proof packaging, e.g. waxed paper. 

Oleic acid is used in the preparation of metallic oleates, such as aluminum oleate for thickening lubricating oils, for water-proofing materials, and for varnish dryers. The glyceryl ester of oleic add is one of the constituents of many vegetable and animal oils and tats. 

A similar class is die titanates. Three-dimensional Ti—O chains form pigments and pigment binders for paints and water-proofing compounds for use on cloth. Their properties can be modified by substituting monofunctional groups for some of the oxygen, for example, by forming esters to interrupt the chains. 

There are four major types of barrier materials used now in the US for military purposes a)Water-proof b)Greaseproof c)Water-vapor-proof and d) Combinations of a,b c. Almost all the barrier materials in use today are composed of several layers or plies. The plies are usually cemented together with suitable adhesives(/< mi anrs) to form a laminated structure, although several other methods of making multi-ply sheets are also used. Materials used for making plies include kraft paper, cotton scrim, aluminum foil, polyethylene, cellulose acetate, Mylar, etc... 

About 4000 years ago the city of Moenjo-Daro perished. It was one of the first modern cities and was situated in the Indus valley, approximately 5000 km north of the present Karatchi in Pakistan. The city was very advanced. Its houses were made of weather-proof bricks and the bathrooms inside had water-proof tiling. There were even open, brick sewers connected to the drains of the houses. 

Water-proof and vapour-proof electric lamps, switches and power points. 

Apart from this, the textile material itself does not have any computing skills. Electronics are still necessary. However, they are available in miniaturised and even in a flexible form. They can be embedded in water-proof materials, but durability can be limited78. 

Water proof cement is used in water storage tanks and roofing of houses. ff... 

Both of these formulations can be applied to tissue by pouring or spraying on wounds. Both formulations are particularly conducive for pressure-spray or pump-spray applications. They both form continuous impermeable films over moist tissue, are water-proof after application, have long shelf stability, and are biocompatible. The siloxane-based material appears to have no stinging effect on excised tissue, and it does possess a very low surface energy that is difficult for environmental contamination and bacteria to attach. These materials are inexpensive compared to cyanoacrylates. 

CSA admixtures are more prone to loss of activity due to C02 and moisture pick up than are shrinkage compensating or Portland cements [74,79, 85], Consequently, exceeding the shelf life may seriously reduce the expansive potential. The materials are therefore packed in water-proof bags which should always be stored in a dry... 

The treated veneer should then be close piled for one to two days, with a water proof cover over it, to allow for equalization of the resin content by diffusion. The veneer can then be dried and the resin polymerized in a continuous veneer drier or in a dry kiln. Real fast initial drying should be avoided to prevent excessive migration of the as yet uncured resin to the surfaces. The treated veneer is then laminated into panels of any desired thickness in a hot press using phenolic glue (45). 

The fact that covalent bonding can be an important, and possibly necessary, contribution to water-proof adhesive bonds to wood has convinced many scientists to study methods of enhancing adhesion by increasing the probability of covalent bonding between wood and adhesive, or directly between wood particles. This subject is still in its infancy with solid wood, although pulp and textile fiber scientists have produced an enormous volume of literature from which wood scientists can draw. 

In hardwood plywood, the glue mix is typically formed by adding water and soft wheat flour at rather high proportions with a minor addition of filler, such as nut shell flour to the urea-formaldehyde resin. Urea-formaldehyde resins are usually shipped in 60 - 65 percent non-volatile solids form. Acid salts such as ammonium sulfate are added to increase the rate of cure of the urea-formaldehyde resin when under pressure and subsequently heated in hot presses. Some acid salts cure the urea-formaldehyde sufficiently well under ambient "cold" press conditions. It is evident this type of plywood would be oriented toward interior use such as furniture. If water-proof type bonds are required of hardwood plywood, then melamine-formaldehyde resins are used in similar mix form but with higher resin solids... 

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