FLAME PROOFING

Polyphosphates are used as detergents (calgon) but disposal of the residual phosphate causes major problems Phosphates are of importance as flame-proofing agents. See also phosphorus. 

R. W. Litde, Flame Proof ng Textile Fibers, American Chemical Society Monograph Series 40, American Chemical Society, Reinhold, N.Y., 1947. 

Figure 7.15 Flame paths and gaps in a flame-proof or explosion-proof motor...

Special-purpose motors such as increased safety motors, flame-proof or explosion-proof motoi s must be checked for gaps, clearances and creepage distances of all the mating parts forming flame paths. The construction of these motors must follow lEC 60079 as noted in the list of standards. 

Max. rated voltage of 24 V Electrical installation of loadcarrying compartment to be dust-protected (at least IP54 or equivalent) or in case of Compatibility Group (see Table 14.9) flame-proof Ex d (at least IP65 or equivalent)... 

Conjugated dienes (diolefms) are used in the manufacture of synthetic rubbers, and as starting materials in the synthesis of insecticides and flame proofing paints. 

Miscellaneous (nuclear shielding, metallurgy, corrosion control, leather tanning, flame-proofing, catalysts) 19% (26%)... 

The tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride so formed is the major ingredient with urea-formaldehyde or melamine-formaldehyde resins for the permanent flame-proofing of cotton cloth. 

The use of n-butylamino-derivatives of cyclophosphazenes in flame-proofing cellulose-based fabrics has been described in a patent application. The topic of fiame retardants is also covered in a recent review, where phosphazenes are important because of their relatively high phosphorus and nitrogen contents. 

Two sight holes Flame-proof lamp (option) Full opening lid Hydraulic cylinder lor scraping plough... 

The sparking of electrical equipment, such as motors, is a major potential source of ignition, and flame proof equipment is normally specified. Electrically operated instruments, controllers and computer systems are also potential sources of ignition of flammable mixtures. 

Specify intrinsically safe equipment, or flame-proof enclosures enclosures with pressurizing and purging. 

Phosphoric acid is used in many ways that include foods and beverages. It is also used in cleaning metal surfaces, electroplating, fertilizer production, preparing flame-proofing compounds, and other processes in the chemical industry, making it one of the most important of the chemicals of commerce. 

Zirpro A process for flame-proofing textiles by treating them with aqueous solutions of zirconium complexes. Wool is treated with aqueous potassium hexafluorozirconate and citric acid. Developed by the International Wool Secretariat, Yorkshire, now based in Melbourne, Australia. 

Hasenpusch, W., CLB Chem. Labor, Biotech., 1995, 46(5), 212, 214 Explosions in laboratory refrigerators are fairly common, often because volatile solvents such as ether are below their upper flammable limit in a refrigerator, but not in a solvent cabinet. The domestic refrigerators usually employed are far from flame-proofed. This review discusses causes and recommends precautions. 

Quenching the vapour with cold air in the chamber may increase the rate of heat removal although excessive nucleation is likely and the product crystals will be very small. Condenser walls may be kept free of solid by using internal scrapers, brushes, and other devices, and all vapour lines in sublimation units should be of large diameter, be adequately insulated, and if necessary, be provided with supplementary heating to minimise blockage due to the buildup of sublimate. One of the main hazards of air-entrainment sublimation is the risk of explosion since many solids that are considered safe in their normal state can form explosive mixtures with air. All electrical equipment should therefore be flame-proof, and all parts of the plant should be efficiently earthed to avoid build-up of static electricity. 

A more practical synthesis of 88 has been described involving chlorination and ring closure of bis(p-chlorophenyl) sulfide with a mixture of chlorine, sulfur, and aluminum chloride at 60° (82%). The octachloro compound (88) is reported to be very stable, showing little fragmentation in the mass spectrometer,and to be useful as a plasticizer, flame-proofing agent, antioxidant, and vulcanization accelerator. ... 

Why are such terms as flame retardant or flame resistant used rather than flame proof ... 

A. Berthmann E. Ludolphy GerP 1096813 (1961) 8t CA 56, 3716(1962) (Waterproofing of Dynamites by octadecyl derivs, which are also suitable as sensitizing and flame-proofing agents)... 

A. Seidel, T. Eckel, and D. Wittmann, Impact-resistant and flame-proofed polycarbonate molding compositions, US Patent 6914090, assigned to Bayer Aktiengesellschaft (Leverkusen, DE), July 5,2005. 

Ami noted (Aminized) Cellulose or Amino-cellulose. By attaching amino-groups to a cellulose molecule(such as cotton), products are obtained which react differently than the untreated celluloses. Due to the presence of amino groups the atninated celluloses combine with acidic substances, such as acid dyes, some flame-proofing agents, rot-resisting compounds,and acidic explosives, such as 2,4-dinitrochlorbenzene, 2,4,6-trinitrochlor-benzene, etc... 

Electric cables treated with a thin layer of metallic selenium are flame-proof to a remarkable degree, thus minimising the risk of fire through short-circuiting of heavy currents. The cotton or rubber used for covering the wire may itself be treated with the selenium and so rendered non-inflammable flame-proof switchboards, etc., may also be constructed. 

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