Disease: infectious

Malaria remains one of the most important diseases of humanity with over half of the world population at risk of infection. It affects mainly those living in tropical and subtropical areas with an incidence of 500 million cases per year globally. The antimalarial activity of 4-(5-trifluoromethyl-17/-pyrazol-l-yl)chloroquine analogues 875 has been evaluated in vitro against a chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum clone 2006BML649 . 

Man is the host for a large variety of infectious diseases. These may be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans and by multicellular creatures such as 

The jS-lactam antibiotics are believed to act as acylating agents which mimic small peptides involved in bacterial cell wall synthesis. Some bacteria produce enzymes named jS-lactamases which readily cleave the jS-lactam ring, thereby inactivating the drug. The discovery of this form of drug resistance has led to the search for jS-lactamase-stable compounds. 

Chlorotetracycline (Lederle, 1951) is a natural product isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens, and oxytetracline (Pfizer, 1954) was first obtained 

Chloramphenicol (Parke-Davis, 1949) was obtained from the soil bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. Its use as a systemic treatment is restricted to very severe infections such as typhoid fever when careful clinical assessment indicates that no other antibiotic is effective. This is because it is known to have toxic effects on bone marrow. However, it is used topically for infections of the ear, skin and eye. Its mode of action is by the inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis. 

Kunkel EJ, Butcher EC. Chemokines and the tissue-specific migration of lymphocytes. Immunity 2002 16 1. 

Springer TA. Traffic signals on endothelium for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration. Annu Rev Physiol 1995 57 827. 

Butcher EC, Picker LJ. Lymphocyte homing and homeostasis. Science 1996 272 60. 

Muller WA, Randolph GJ. Migration of leukocytes across endothelium and beyond molecules involved in the transmigration and fate of monocytes. J Leukoc Biol 1999 66 698. 

Wiedle G, Dunon D, Imhof BA. Current concepts in lymphocyte homing and recirculation. Crit 

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The singularity of MAbs and the ease of mass production appeared to be the answer to rapid development of highly specific immunoassays. Companies were formed to produce MAbs and incorporate them into assays. In fact, such assays have been developed and have proved very successful for infectious diseases, hormones, and other clinical analytes. 

As the result of high specificity and sensitivity, nucleic acid probes are in direct competition with immunoassay for the analytes of some types of clinical analytes, such as infectious disease testing. Assays are being developed, however, that combine both probe and immunoassay technology. In such hybrid probe—immunoassays, the immunoassay portion detects and amplifies the specific binding of the probe to a nucleic acid. Either the probe per se or probe labeled with a specific compound is detected by the antibody, which in turn is labeled with an enzyme or fluorophore that serves as the basis for detection. 

Melatonin thus could represent a new approach to the physiological control of stress and stress-related infectious diseases (48). 

D. Tracey and K. Richard, "Mechanisms of Immuno stimulation by Pyrimidiuones," iu Immunopharmacology of Infectious Diseases Uaccine Mdjuvants and Modulators of Non-specific Resistance, Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1987, pp. 279—289. 

General Antibacterial Properties. In the clinical control of bacterial infectious disease, the aminoglycosides gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, netilmicin, and to a lesser extent, dibekacin and isepamicin are most commonly used for the treatment of serious infections involving aerobic or facultative gram-negative baciUi, especially in the compromised host. This usage is discussed in the Hterature (44—51). 

Members of the aminoglycoside class of antibacterial antibiotics retain an important role in the control of bacterial infectious disease, especially in... 

A vaccine is a preparation used to prevent a specific infectious disease by inducing immunity in the host against the pathogenic microorganism. The practice is also called immunization. The first human immunization was performed in 1796 by Edward Jenner in England which led to the discovery of smallpox vaccine. However, classical vaccinology developed 100 years later, after the work by Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are causes of diseases. 

Vaccines are used in either the general population of children or adults or for special groups. Recommendations for vaccine usage are made by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the Centers for Disease Control. The Committee on Infectious Diseases of the American Academy of Pediatrics (Redbook Committee) also makes recommendations for infants through adolescents, and the American Academy of Family Physicians makes recommendations for adults. An excellent review of vaccine history, development, usage, and related regulatory issues is available (2). 

P. J. Baker, ed.. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, The Jordan Report, Accelerated Development of Vaccines, 1993, NIH, Bethesda, Md. 

World Pat. 9529700-Al (1995), B. E. Haynes and T. J. Palker, "New Peptide Corresponding to HIV Sequences Used for Induciug Protective Immunity to HIV and iu the Treatment of e.g. Auto-Immune Disease Infectious Diseases and Tumors" (to Duke University). 

H. C. Neu, in J. C. Petrie, ed.. Gastrointestinal, Haematological and Infectious Disease Therapy, Elsevier Science PubHshers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1985, p. 215. 

Table 1. Tetracyclines Used for the Therapy of Infectious Diseases...

L. D. Sabath and co-workers, iu R. L. Simmons and R. J. Howard, ed.. Surgical Infectious Disease, Appleton-Century-Croft, New York, 1982, pp. 409-416. 

These two examples hint at a few of the reasons for the importance of knowledge-based systems. A medical faciHty may handle hundreds of infectious disease cases a year. Speedy, accurate diagnosis of these cases, aided by a system such as Mycin, may help the medical faciHty handle more patients, more effectively. Likewise, configuring large computer systems composed of many components can be a time-consuming and error-prone task. 

In conclusion, the penicillin class of compounds continues to be actively studied by the scientific community. While the penicillins are an important part of the physician s armamentarium against infectious disease and will remain so for a considerable time, there is increasing emphasis on the study and use of fermentable penicillins as starting materials for the production of other /3-lactam antibiotics, leading to a wealth of heterocyclic chemistry. 

The nature of the conditions of intensive production, however, can increase the risk of diseases and infections which can spread very rapidly and devastate large numbers of animals." Thus it is common practice for producers of poultry to add coccidiostats to their diets and vaccines to their drinking water in order to prevent coccidiosis and other infectious diseases such as bronchitis and Newcastle disease. A similar problem exists for intensively reared fish, where it is necessary to add antibiotics to their diets. A problem with intensively reared fish is that their diet is added directly into the water in which they live thus drugs and other additives in the diet are relatively easily dispersed into the local environment of fish farms, where they can increase bacterial resistance and also cause problems such as algal blooms. 

Most of the herbal drugs that are used medicinally are comprised in these five groups of indications. Relative few are employed in a limited number of other areas occasionally in skm remedies, liver remedies, coronary remedies, blood circulation remedies, and in other groups of medicines. Summarizing, it can be said that the possibilities of treatment with herbal drugs are limited for a number of reasons for a series of illnesses like severe cardiac insufficiency, tumours, infectious diseases, diabetes, etc., herbal drugs arc not adequate remedies, even though, in contravention of the law, such claims are made in many publications. In a series of further cases, they only find use in support of the actual medical treatment they are nevertheless of value. 

Kitasato Institute for Infectious Diseases, 138, Shiba-Shirokane-Sanko-cho, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. 

Viruses The causative agent of many infectious diseases. 

Dihydro-2//-pyrido[l,2-n]pyrimidin-2-one was used in the synthesis of antiallergic tricyclic triazolobenzazepine derivatives (99MIP3). 8-[2-(4-f-Propyl-2-thienyl)ethenyl]- and 8-[(4-/-propryl-2-thienyl)methoxy]-4-oxo-4//-pyrido[l,2-n]pyrimidine-3-carboxylic acids were patented for the treatment of preventing and/or treating microbial infectious diseases (OlMIPl). 

Infektions-herd, m. focus of infection, -krank-heit, /. infectious disease, -quelle, /. source of iufection. -trkger, m. carrier of Jufeo-tion. 

Setz-fehler, m. compositor s error, -kasten, m. settling tank type case, -phiole, /. (flat bottomed) vial, -fiieb, n. jig(ging) screen, jig(ging) sieve, -zapfcn, m. suppository. Seuche, /. contagious or infectious disease, pestilence, epidemic. 

Eye, nose, and throat irritation dizziness lethargy fever. May act as asthma trigger may transmit humidifier fever influenza, common cold, tuberculosis and other infectious diseases. 

Increased morbidity and mortality is associated with increases in outdoor particle concentrations (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1995). Of particular concern are the particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers in diameter, which are more likely to deposit deep inside the lungs (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1995). Some particles, biological in origin, may cause allergic or inflammatory reactions or be a source of infectious disease. 

The discovery and production of antibiotics has been of tremendous importance to human and animal health care. Prior to their discovery about half a century ago, many bacterial infections caused debilitating diseases and fatalities were high. The discovery of antibiotics was a major step in the treatment of infectious diseases, especially those caused by bacteria. Today about 50,000 tonnes of antibiotics are produced annually. About a third of this consists of penicillins, whilst tetracyclines make up about a quarter of the market. 

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