Subtropical areas

Three fungal infections - Madura feet (mycetoma), chromomycosis and sporotrichosis - fall into the category of subcutaneous mycoses, their distribution is mainly in tropical and subtropical areas. The ideal treatment for madura feet caused by fungi is not yet established the azoles are of some benefit, however, neither the optimal drug, dose, nor the treatment schedules are known. Chromomycosis responds well to ITRA monotherapy or the combination of 5FC plus ITRA. ITRA has been set up as standard therapy for cutaneous and lymphatic sporotrichosis. 

Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic rhizopod that occurs in tropical and subtropical areas. It can cause intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations. It is transmitted orally by ingestion of cysts that develop into trophozoites in the large intestine. Amebic trophozoites release several cytolytic factors, e.g. amoe-bapore, which enable the parasite to invade tissue. In intestinal amoebiasis, E. histolyticatrophozoites invade the intestinal mucosa, causing a form of ulcerative colitis with bloody and mucous diarrhoea. Extraintestinal manifestation of amebiasis results in abscess formation, usually in the liver but sometimes in the brain. 

Huang S Y, Tsou H L, Kan M T, Lin W K and CHI C S (1995), Genetic study on leg weakness and its relationship with economic traits in central tested boars in subtropical area , Livest Prod Sci, 44, 53-59. 

Chen QQ, Sun YM, Shen CD, Peng SL, Yi WX, Li ZA, Jiang MT (2002b) Organic matter turnover rates and CO2 flux from organic matter decomposition of mountain soil profiles in the subtropical area, south China. Catena 49 217-229... 

It is an aerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium. Dry spores are stable for decades. Spores are stable in water for up to 2 years and are resistant to chlorine at purification concentrations. It is endemic in many countries of the world, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas. This is a biosafety level 2 agent. 

Bananas are grown in every tropical country and some subtropical areas throughout the world. The total acreage involved is considerable when all plantings, from 1 acre upward, are taken into consideration. Pest control is largely confined to the Caribbean area, Central and South America, Australia, and to some extent the Cameroons, Liberia, and Israel. Other areas in most cases grow bananas for local consumption, where strict demand for economic production and quality fruit is not recognized. 

Parasitic helminths, such as Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworms, schistosomes and filarial nematodes are highly prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas of the world [1]. These infections often overlap and affect more than 1 billion... 

The biological zonation and the water tenq)erature, which is related to the latitude, are also important in determining the distribution of natural products. The intertidal aixi subtidal zones, down to 200 m depth, correspond to the contii ntal shelf, where most seaweeds and productive invertebrates grow, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. These roughly correspond to the solar tropics and subtropics, besides a limited coastal zone in the eastern Pacific with unusually warm waters for this latitude. 

Guava is native to Central America. It was distributed into other parts of tropical and subtropical areas such as Asia, South Africa, Egypt, and Brazil by the early seventeenth century [49]. Some examples of impact-flavour compounds have already been identified in guava -ionone [58], terpene hydrocarbons [63], and esters [43] could be mentioned. 

Research on wild species in the temperate zones is limited by low species diversity and population density, but in tropical and subtropical areas cockroaches are surprisingly diverse, and valuable field observations in chemical ecology have been made in the tropics. Nevertheless, some temperate zone species, such as Parcoblatta in the New World and Ectobius in the Old, offer excellent opportunities for research under natural conditions. 

Coral reefs are rich resources as primary producers in tropical and subtropical areas. However, coral is being destroyed by many different external factors, including overgrowth by organisms that cover coral... 

The family is represented primarily in the tropical and subtropical areas of both hemispheres and is important economically for its ornamentals, some especially for rock gardens. 

The beanlike seeds of the trees and shrubs of the genus Erythrina, a member of the legume family, contain substances that possess curare-like activity. The plants are widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical areas of the American continent, Asia, Africa, and Australia, but apparently they are not used by the natives in the preparation of arrow poisons. Of 105 known species, the seeds from more than 50 have been tested, and all were found to contain alkaloids with curariform properties. Erythroidine, from E. americana, was the first crystalline alkaloid of the group to be isolated. It consists of at least two isomeric alkaloids, a and P-erythroidine both are dextrorotatory. Most experimental and clinical study has centered on the b form because it is more readily obtainable in pure state. P-Erythroidine is a tertiary nitrogenous base. Several hydrogenated derivatives of p-erythroidine have been prepared of these, dihydro-P-erythroidine has been studied most carefully and subjected to clinical trial. Conversion of P-erythroidine into the quaternary metho salt (p-erythroidine methiodide) does not enhance, but rather almost entirely, abolishes its curariform activity this constitutes a notable exception to the rule that conversion of many alkaloids into quaternary metho salts results in the appearance of curare-like action. 

Both D. simulans and D. melanogaster show geographical variation in the amount of their principal CHCs. Whereas most strains of D. simulans produce more (Z)-7-tricosene (7-T) and less 7-pentacosene (7-P), those from the Benin Gulf show an inverse ratio. Similarly, D. melanogaster males from subtropical areas show a gradual increase of 7-P and a decline in their levels of 7-T. In a separate dine, 7,11-dienes in females from Afro-equatorial and Caribbean strains of D. melanogaster are completely replaced by 5,9 isomers (Ferveur... 

The annual trend of the relative moisture content over the greater part of the Black Sea shows its maximum values in the cold season of the year and the lowest values in the warm period. The humid subtropical areas of the eastern coast are characterized by a somewhat distinct regime here, the highest values are observed in the summer and the intra-annual variations are in-... 

Ostreopsis siamensis was first isolated by Schmidt in the Gulf of Siam, Thailand, in 1901 (Schmidt 1901). This dinoflagellate occurs in mat r tropical and subtropical areas of the world, mainly as epiphytic and less frequently as planktonic, and also in temperate areas during summertime. Until today, the presence of O. siamensis has been reported in the coastal waters of Japan (Yasumoto et al. 1987), New Zealand (Chang et al. 2000 Rhodes et al. 2000), Tasmania (Pearce et al. 2000), Spain, Italy (Vila et al. 2001 Penna et al. 2005), Greece (Aligizaki et al. 2005), and Tunisia (Turki 2005). 

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