Infectious diseases malaria

Keywords Activity-based probes Activity-based protein profiling Antibiotic resistance Catalomics Clostridium difficile Host-pathogen interactions Infectious disease Malaria MRSA Pathogens Virulence factors... 

Infectious diseases. Malaria is still the disease that causes the greatest amount of debility, illness, and death in the whole world. WHO has long given top priority to advising nations on the elimination of this disease by draining and spraying to eliminate the insect vector, and by medication, both prophylactic and curative. WHO also labours constantly to find improvements in all these approaches. Projects approved for a country by WHO can expect to be funded internationally. 

A large and rapidly growing number of clinical trials (phase I and phase II) evaluating the potential of DNA vaccines to treat and prevent a variety of human diseases are currently being performed ( http // clinicaltrials.gov) however, there is yet no licensed DNA vaccine product available for use in humans. The clinical trials include the treatment of various types of cancers (e.g., melanoma, breast, renal, lymphoma, prostate, and pancreas) and also the prevention and therapy of infectious diseases (e.g., HIV/ABDS, malaria, Hepatitis B vims, Influenza vims, and Dengue vims). So far, no principally adverse effects have been reported from these trials. The main challenge for the development of DNA vaccines for use in humans is to improve the rather weak potency. DNA vaccines are already commercially available for veterinary medicine for prevention of West Nile Vims infections in horses and Infectious Hematopoetic Necrosis Vims in Salmon. 

M parasite is an organism that lives in or on another organism (the host) without contributing to the survival or well-being of Hie host. Helminthiasis (invasion of Hie body by helminths [worms]), malaria (an infectious disease caused by a protozoan and transmitted to humans Hirough a bite from an infected mosquito), and amebiasis (invasion of Hie body by Hie amebaEntamoeba histolytica) are worldwide healfli problems caused by parasites. 

Hypertension during pregnancy, resolved postpartum Infectious diseases (HIV, schistosomiasis, tuberculosis, malaria)... 

Malaria is still one of the world s most devastating infectious diseases. An estimated 270 million people are affected by the parasite every year, and close to 2 million children die. The most deadly species, Plasmodium falciparum, has become widely resistant to most of the available antimalarial drugs such as quinolines. 

Such is not necessarily the case in other parts of the world, however. Pesticides, DDT in particular, are among the most effective agents known for the prevention of malaria. Some nations have accepted the environmental risks posed hy DDT and other TOCs as a reasonable trade-off for the protection they offer against malaria and other infectious diseases. At the beginning of the 21st century, then, DDT and other toxic pesticides were still being used in the public health programs of a number of countries around the world. 

Malaria. An infectious disease endemic in parts of Africa, Asia, Turkey, the West Indies, Central and South America, and Oceania, caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium, and usually transmitted by the bites of infected anopheline mosquitoes. It is characterized by prostration associated with paroxysms of high fever, shaking chills, sweating, anemia, and splenomegaly, which may lead to death. 

Moreover, the discovery of effective agents to treat infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis is inherently difficult - bacterial resistance and viral mutations are common, so that therapies have very limited efficacy, and a discovery platform in infectious disease is a multi-year commitment of financial and other research resources. Again, developmental failures are expensive and R D expenditures are what economists call "sunk costs," meaning that the costs are not recoverable in the future. 

Infectious diseases are largely responsible for the health inequalities between developing nations and developed nations. More than 70 per cent of the world s HIV/ AIDS cases and 90 per cent of the world s malaria infections occur in Africa. Ninety per cent of the deaths from TB and diarrhea each year occur in the developing world (lOWH 2005). The average HALE at birth was 38.7 in Chad, 33.2 in Ethiopia, 29.8 in Malawi,... 

Koch, O., A. Awomoyi, S. Usen, M. JaUow, A. Richardson, J. Hull, M. Finder, M. Newport, and D. Kwiatkowski. 2002. IFNGRl Gene Promoter Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Cerebral Malaria./ourwaZ of Infectious Diseases 185 1684-1687. 

The marine environment clearly holds an enormous amount of potential to provide new leads for the development of treatments for infectious disease and antimalarial compounds in particular. The identification of new structural classes active against the malaria parasite will provide new mechanisms of action and better treatments for resistant strains. Since most malaria-infected regions also possess coastal areas rich in diverse marine invertebrate life, marine natural products provide an opportunity for these areas to utilize endemic resources to combat this devastating disease. 

Hoffman, S.L. (2000) Infectious disease. Research (genomics) is crucial to attacking malaria. Science 290, 1 509. 

The infectious killer disease, tuberculosis (TB), is the leading cause of death worldwide from a single human pathogen, claiming more adult lives than diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), malaria, diarrhea, leprosy, and all other tropical diseases combined. The organism usually responsible, the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT), was discovered by Robert Koch in 1882. However, M. bovis, which infects cattle, may also infect humans, and M. africanum is a cause of TB in West Africa. Furthermore, a number of normally nonpathogenic mycobacteria, especially M. avium, M. intracellulare, and M. scrofulaceum, cause opportunistic infectious disease in patients with AIDS. Pulmonary TB, the most common type of the disease, is usually acquired by inhalation of the bacillus from an infectious patient and causes irreversible lung destruction (Newton et al., 2000). 

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