Infectious disease types

For diabetic patients overall, the mortality risk is about twice that in the age-matched non-diabetic population. ForType-I, the overall life expectancy is reduced by about 30%. The most frequent cause of mortality in Type-I diabetes is nephropathy (Palmberg et al., 1981) 35% of Type-I diabetics die from renal failure, 15% from coronary heart disease and 15% from infectious disease. Type-I diabetics whose disease appears before puberty have a still higher risk of developing nephropathy, associated with premature death. 

As the result of high specificity and sensitivity, nucleic acid probes are in direct competition with immunoassay for the analytes of some types of clinical analytes, such as infectious disease testing. Assays are being developed, however, that combine both probe and immunoassay technology. In such hybrid probe—immunoassays, the immunoassay portion detects and amplifies the specific binding of the probe to a nucleic acid. Either the probe per se or probe labeled with a specific compound is detected by the antibody, which in turn is labeled with an enzyme or fluorophore that serves as the basis for detection. 

Setz-fehler, m. compositor s error, -kasten, m. settling tank type case, -phiole, /. (flat bottomed) vial, -fiieb, n. jig(ging) screen, jig(ging) sieve, -zapfcn, m. suppository. Seuche, /. contagious or infectious disease, pestilence, epidemic. 

A large and rapidly growing number of clinical trials (phase I and phase II) evaluating the potential of DNA vaccines to treat and prevent a variety of human diseases are currently being performed ( http // clinicaltrials.gov) however, there is yet no licensed DNA vaccine product available for use in humans. The clinical trials include the treatment of various types of cancers (e.g., melanoma, breast, renal, lymphoma, prostate, and pancreas) and also the prevention and therapy of infectious diseases (e.g., HIV/ABDS, malaria, Hepatitis B vims, Influenza vims, and Dengue vims). So far, no principally adverse effects have been reported from these trials. The main challenge for the development of DNA vaccines for use in humans is to improve the rather weak potency. DNA vaccines are already commercially available for veterinary medicine for prevention of West Nile Vims infections in horses and Infectious Hematopoetic Necrosis Vims in Salmon. 

In sum, RNAi clearly has the potential to change the nucleic-based therapies for cancer, infectious diseases, and many other diseases. However, the universality of this approach, the types of genes that can be silenced using these strategies in human cells, remain unknown to date. 

MANAGING INFECTION. The nurse should report any slight rise in temperature, sore throat, or other signs of infection to the primary health care provider as soon as possible because of a possible decreased resistance to infection during glucocorticoid therapy. Nursing personnel and visitors with any type of infection or recent exposure to an infectious disease should avoid patient contact. 

The water-related or water-associated infectious diseases are typically arranged in four classes from the environmental engineering point of view, although more complex categorizations have also been proposed [14]. These categories are faecal-oral water-borne diseases, water-washed diseases, water-based diseases and diseases transmitted by water-associated insect vectors. Each type has different causes and potential solutions. Too often the term water-borne disease is erroneously used to name all of them without distinction. 

Immunological products comprise a group of pharmaceutical preparations with diverse origins but with a common pharmacological purpose the enhancement of a recipienf s immune status in a manner that provides immunity to infectious disease. The immunological products that are generally available today are of three types vaccines, immunosera and human immunoglobulins. 

The histological types of lung cancer seen to excess in uranium miners reflect those in the population at large (Masse, 1984). These occur almost entirely in bronchial airways. Approximately 207 are adenocarcinomas which occur in peripheral bronchioles (Spencer, 1977) where there are no basal cells. Squamous cell cancers predominate in miners exposed early in life to relatively low concentrations of radon daughters (Saccomanno et aJL., 1982). These are considered likely to arise from the secretory small mucous granular cells which undergo cell division and extend to the epithelial surface (Masse, personal communication). Division of these cells is accelerated after irritation by toxicants such as cigarette smoke or infectious diseases (Trump et a L., 1978). 

Several CSF preparations have gained regulatory approval (Table 10.2). G-CSF and GM-CSF have proven useful in the treatment of neutropenia. All three CSF types are (or are likely to be) useful also in the treatment of infectious diseases, some forms of cancer and the management of bone marrow transplants, as they stimulate the differentiation/activation of white blood cell types most affected by such conditions. 

Considerable data is available suggesting thatmild-to-moderate immunosuppression can lead to an increase in infectious disease. The types of infections that occur tend to result from either common pathogens (e.g., causing upper respiratory tract infections) or latent viruses (e.g., herpes cold sores), rather than opportunistic organisms such as Pnuemocyctis carinii. These are usually not life-threatening, except in certain susceptible populations, such as the elderly. Opportunistic infections, in contrast, are more prevalent in individuals where severe forms of immunosuppression are present, such as primary immunodeficiency diseases or HIV/AIDS. 

Finally, one of the most difficult types of crises to address is the death of a client. People with drug problems often lead very risky lives, and the threat of death may be ever present with such clients. People who use drugs are at risk from infectious diseases such as hepatitis and AIDS, from suicide and homicide, and from accidents. The saddest events in my professional career have been associated with losing a client. Such losses burden professionals, who may assume some level of responsibility for the death or may feel a sense of loss in not being able to meet with the client any more. Be aware that caregivers sometimes need care themselves, and this is one particular situation in which that may be true. Do not be shy about seeking help if you feel that the death of a client has adversely affected your professional or personal life. 

To date, cellular and gene therapy products submitted to FDA have included clinical studies indicated for bone marrow marking, cancer, cystic fibrosis, AIDS, and inborn errors of metabolism and infectious diseases. Of the current active INDs approximately 78% have been sponsored by individual investigators or academic institutions and 22% have also been industry sponsored. In addition to the variety of clinical indications the cell types have also been varied. Examples include tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and lymphocyte activated killer (LAK) cells, selected cells from bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphocytes, for example, stem cells, myoblasts, tumor cells and encapsulated cells (e.g., islet cells and adrenal chromaffin cells). 

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