Antibacterial property

Dihydrostreptomycin, in which the CHO group in the middle ring is replaced by CH2OH, is made by the catalytic reduction of streptomycin, and has similar antibacterial properties. 

Isopropyl alcohol is prepared from petroleum by hydration of propene With a boil mg point of 82°C isopropyl alcohol evaporates quickly from the skin producing a cool mg effect Often containing dissolved oils and fragrances it is the major component of rubbing alcohol Isopropyl alcohol possesses weak antibacterial properties and is used to maintain medical instruments m a sterile condition and to clean the skin before minor surgery... 

In spite of the rationale on which the testing of dyestuffs as antibiotics rested subsequent research re vealed that the antibacterial properties of Prontosil had nothing at all to do with its being a dye In the body Prontosil undergoes a reductive cleavage of its azo linkage to form sulfanilamide which is the sub stance actually responsible for the observed biological activity This is why Prontosil is active in vivo but not in vitro... 

General Antibacterial Properties. In the clinical control of bacterial infectious disease, the aminoglycosides gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, netilmicin, and to a lesser extent, dibekacin and isepamicin are most commonly used for the treatment of serious infections involving aerobic or facultative gram-negative baciUi, especially in the compromised host. This usage is discussed in the Hterature (44—51). 

Rifamycin S also undergoes conjugate addition reactions to the quinone ring by a variety of nucleophiles including ammonia, primary and secondary amines, mercaptans, carbanions, and enamines giving the C-3 substituted derivatives (38) of rifamycin SV (117,120,121). Many of the derivatives show excellent antibacterial properties (109,118,122,123). The 3-cycHc amino derivatives of rifamycin SV also inhibit the polymerase of RNA tumor vimses (123,124). 

Penem B-Lactamase Inhibitors. The synthesis and antibacterial properties of penems, the trivial name for the 4-thia-l-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene ring system (24), have been reviewed (107,108). Like the closely related carbapenems, many of the penems are potent antibacterials. Additionally, penems are also susceptible to degradation by renal dipeptidase, but to a lesser extent. The limited -lactamase inhibitory data available for penems are presented in Table 4. SCH-29,482 [77646-83-4] (24, R = H, R = CH(OH)CH2, R = SCH2H ), C2qH23NO S2, is reported to be an inhibitor of type I Cephases and the OXA-2 enzyme (109). Compounds [101803-54-7] and [101914-68-5] (24, R = H, R = CH2CH(OH),... 

The tetracycline molecule (1) presents a special challenge with regard to the study of stmcture—activity relationships. The difficulty has been to devise chemical pathways that preserve the BCD ring chromophore and its antibacterial properties. The labiUty of the 6-hydroxy group to acid and base degradation (12,13), plus the ease of epimerization (23) at position 4, contribute to chemical instabiUty under many reaction conditions. 

Echinomycin (131) has been shown to be an antitumor agent and to have antiviral and antibacterial properties. Its structure elucidation represents a triumph for and mass spectral studies (75JA2497). It has been demonstrated that echinomycin functions by inhibiting RNA synthesis in organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus. Echinomycin, levomycin and actinoleutin are members of the quinoxaline-peptide antibiotic family and all contain one or more quinoxaline rings (67MI21402). 

Azetidin-2-ones are the most extensively studied derivatives of azetidine, largely as a result of the discovery of the antibacterial properties of penicillins, cephalosporins and... 

At Smith Kline French a general approach to cephalosporin and penicillin nuclear analogs was developed that utilizes a monocyclic /3-lactam (59) with the correct cis stereochemistry as a key intermediate. This is prepared by reaction of the mixed anhydride of azidoacetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid with imine (58) followed by oxidative removal of the dimethoxybenzyl group. This product could be further elaborated to intermediate (60) which, on reaction with a -bromoketones, provides isocephalosporins (61). These nuclear analogs displayed antibacterial properties similar to cephalosporins (b-79MI51000). 

One aspect of carboxyl modification of particular interest is its replacement with other acidic functional groups. One of these, the replacement of the carboxyl with a 5-tetrazolyl group, is of particular interest because of the resultant improved antibacterial properties. This transformation is shown in Scheme 20 (78USP4115385). 

The trivial name penem has been applied to compounds possessing the ring structure (88). Because of their interesting antibacterial properties, derivatives of this ring system have been extensively investigated since about 1976. The following describes some of the... 

Table 3 lists the structures and generic names of the principal penicillins in current medical usage, and Table 4 indicates in summary form the relative antibacterial properties of these compounds. The reader is urged to consult reviews such as (B-77MI51106) for a more complete treatment, since summaries such as Table 4 inevitably omit a large amount of important detail. 

Metallic copper and silver both have antibacterial properties and Au thiol complexes have found increasing use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, but only copper of this group has a biological role in sustaining life. It is widely distributed in the plant and animal worlds, and its redox chemistry is involved in a variety of... 

The antibacterial properties of a moldpenicillium notatum were first observed by Fleming in 1928. The active compound, penicillin N , was isolated ten years later, and soon thereafter, large-scale production of a closely-related compound penicillin G was initiated. 

Because of the number of citations, only selected imidazoquinolines are described, and biological activity is mentioned only briefly. The largest increase in the number of citations was caused by the discovery of the antibacterial properties of nalidixic acid type drugs. Efforts to prepare the bioisosters, for example of oxolinic acid, intensified in the early 1970s, and the discovery of the carcinogenic properties of 2-aminoimidazoquinolines followed in the early 1980s. These azoloquinolines can be considered as benzene-separated deazapurines. 

Under similar conditions, as in the case of 5-amino-2,l,3-benzothiadiazole, and starting from 6-amino-l,2,3-benzothiadiazole 72, the l,2,3-thiadiazolo[5, 4-/ quinoline derivatives 73 resulted (Scheme 28) and were tested for antibacterial properties (74JAP(K)1). 

The fungus Streptomyces erythreus is the source of a number of structurally related macrolide antibiotics that are collectively known as the erythromycins. The erythromycins occupy a prominent position in medicine by virtue of their useful antibacterial properties. Their use in therapy over the course of the last three decades has been widespread, and has resulted in the saving of many human lives. In this chapter, we address the landmark total synthesis of erythronolide B (1), the biosynthetic precursor of all the erythromycins, by E.J. Corey and his coworkers which was carried out at Harvard in the 1970s.1... 

Surfactants (detergents) also help clean the teeth they provide a foam that helps to carry away debris. Moreover, lauryl sulfates have significant antibacterial properties, and they can penetrate and dissolve plaque. 

Linfield, Jungermann, and Guttmann [181,183,184] extended this reaction to a number of long-chain fatty nitrogen derivatives to form products with surface-active and antibacterial properties, as shown in Eqs. (109) and (110) ... 

Studies on the Antibacterial Properties of the Bile Acids and Some Compounds Derived from Cholanic Acid, M. Stacey and M. Webb, Proc. R. Soc., Ser. B, 134 (1947) 523-537. 

Fig. 1 Heterocycles bearing a 2-pyridone moiety with wide range of medicinal applications. Amrinone WIN 40680 1 is a cardiotonic agent for the treatment of heart failure. ZAR-NESTRA 2 is a selective farnesyl protein inhibitor and NP048 3 is a pilicide with novel antibacterial properties. The 2-pyridones 4, 5 and 6 are schematic representations of the three categories of 2-pyridones that wiU be covered in this chapter i.e., substituted 2-pyridones 4, 2-quinolones 5 and other ring-fused 2-pyridones 6...

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