Protective immunity

This is an acute, non-invasive infectious disease associated with the upper respiratory tract (Chapter 4). The incubation period is fiom 2 to 5 days although the disease remains communicable for up to 4 weeks. A low molecular weight toxin is produced which affects myocardium, nervous and adrenal tissues. Death results in 3-5% of infected children. Diphtheria immunization protects by stimulating the production of an antitoxin. This antitoxin will protect against the disease but not against infection of the respiratory... 

Krol S, Del Guerra S, Gmpillo M et al (2006) Multilayer nanoencapsulation. New approach for immune protection of human pancreatic islets. Nano Lett 6 1933-1939... 

Another example that can be included in the subunit vaccine class is the use of bacterial toxoids. Many bacteria produce toxins which play an important role in the development of the disease caused by a particular organism. Thus, vaccines against some agents, for example tetanus and diphtheria, consist of the toxin inactivated with formaldehyde conjugated to an adjuvant. Immunization protects from disease by stimulating antitoxin antibody which neutralizes the effects of the toxin. 

The intestine usually constitutes an effective immunological barrier to an invasion by pathogens but this protection can be overwhelmed by frequent repeat attacks. This may explain the prevalence of sprue in the tropics (hence the name, tropical sprue) especially for visitors who are unaccustomed to contaminated food and water and hence have no immune protection against the bacteria specific to that part of the tropics. 

Systemic immunity protects the blood and organs and interior tissues of the body. Antibodies and specialized cells circulate throughout the body looking to destroy foreign cells or tissues. A recognition pattern is remembered for subsequent invasions by the same organisms. 

Immunoglobulins 20-150 0.5-1.0 Specific immune protection (antibodies Butler (1994) Korhonen et al. 

Butter with immune-protective and diabetic properties Patent number UA8351U (2005)... 

A butter having immune-protective and diabetic properties is described it also contains butter, inulin, buttermilk, Jerusalem artichoke powder, and fructose. 

Lund JM, Linehan MM, Iijima N, Iwasaki A. Cutting edge plasmacytoid dendritic cells provide innate immune protection against mucosal viral infection in situ. J Immunol 2006 177 7510-4. 

Proteins are the most versatile macromolecules in living systems and serve crucial functions in essentially all biological processes. They function as catalysts, they transport and store other molecules such as oxygen, they provide mechanical support and immune protection, they generate movement, they transmit nerve impulses, and they control growth and differentiation. Indeed, much of this text will focus on understanding what proteins do and how they perform these functions. 

Benner EJ, Mosley RL, Destache CJ, Lewis TB, Jackson-Lewis V, Goran tla S, Nemachek C, Green SR, Przedborski S, Gendeknan HE (2004) Tlierapeutic immunization protects dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 9435-9440. 

Local infection Adaptive immunity Protection of tissues... 

---