Topical uses

Polyalurninum chloride products used in the treatment of potable (drinking) water must be approved by the National Sanitation Eoundation (NSE). NSE certification has superseded EPA approval. Aluminum chlorohydrate for topical use as an antiperspirant is regulated by PDA. 

Nifuroxime. The anti form of the oxime prepared from 5-nitro-2-furancarboxaldehyde and hydroxylarnine, has been marketed for topical use as an antibacterial or an antifungal agent (1,17). 

Some polymyxins are sold for second-line systemic therapy. Polymyxin B sulfate and colistimethate sodium can be used for intravenous, intramuscular, or intrathecal administration, especially for Pseudomonas aerupinosa mP QXiosis, but also for most other gram-negative organisms, such as those resistant to first-line antibiotics. Nephrotoxicity and various neurotoxicities are common in parenteral, but not in topical, use. Resistance to polymyxins develops slowly, involves mutation and, at least in some bacteria, adaptation, a poorly understood type of resistance that is rapidly lost on transfer to a medium free of polymyxin. Resistance can involve changes in the proteins, the lipopolysaccharides, and lipids of the outer membrane of the cell (52). Polymyxin and colistin show complete cross-resistance. 

Because of their limited, activity, small spectmm, and side effects, the older topical antimycotics have generally been surpassed by newer antimycotic chemotherapeutic agents. These newer antimycotics for topical use iaclude the imida2ole derivatives clotrimazole, miconazole, econazole, isoconazole, sulconazole, fenticonazole, oxiconazole, bifonazole, butoconazole, ziaoconazole, tioconazole, and the triazole derivative, terconazole (Table 2) (5—7). The iatroduction of the azole derivatives represents a milestone ia the treatment of mycoses. 

This antimycotic, which was iatroduced for topical use, shows in vitro activity against dermatophytes, species of Candida Jispergillus Coccidioides immitis Histop/asma capsulatum Cryptococcus neoformans and Madure/h species. Petriellidium (Alkscheria) boydii and Phialophora species are less sensitive. 

Miconazole. Miconazole nitrate [22832-87-7] (Fig. 2), the 1-phenethyl-imidazole derivative first described in 1969, interferes at low doses with the cytochrome P-450 dependent ergosterol biosynthesis in yeasts and fungi. The result is accumulation of C-14 methylated sterols on the one hand and reduction of the ergosterol levels in the membranes on the other hand (12). Analogous to clotrimazole, this leads to a disturbance in the membranes it results in inhibition of ceU repHcation, mycelium development (in C. albicans) and finally, ceU death. High concentrations of miconazole, which may be achieved with topical use, disturb the orientation of phosphoHpids in the membranes, which produces leaks (13). 

Haloprogin. 3-Iodo-2-propynyl 2,4,5-trichlorophenyl ether, is an almost iasoluble antifungal for topical use, available ia the United... 

Since many of the uses of antihistamines involve conditions such as rashes, which should be treatable by local application, there is some rationale for developing drugs for topical use. The known side effects of antihistamines could in principle be avoided if the drug were functionalized so as to avoid systemic absorption. The known poor absorption of quaternary salts make such derivatives attractive for nonabsorbable antihistamines for topical use. Thus, reaction of the well-known anti his-taminic drug promethazine (104) with methyl chloride leads... 

We are about to enter what is, to many, a mysterious world—the world of factor spaces and the factor based techniques, Principal Component Analysis (PCA, sometimes known as Factor Analysis) and Partial Least-Squares (PLS) in latent variables. Our goal here is to thoroughly explore these topics using a data-centric approach to dispell the mysteries. When you complete this chapter, neither factor spaces nor the rhyme at the top of this page will be mysterious any longer. As we will see, it s all in your point of view. 

The development of ligands selective for individual receptor subtypes relevant to a targeted disease could decrease these toxic effects thereby improving the therapeutic index. Two new arotinoids are already available for topical use in skin diseases. These are tazarotenic acid (tazarotene) and 6-[3-(l-adamanty 1)-... 

Administration of miconazole for a vulvovaginal fungal infection may cause irritation, sensitization, or vulvo-vaginal burning. Skin irritation may result in redness, itching, burning, or skin fissures. Other adverse reactions with miconazole include cramping, nausea, and headache Adverse reactions associated with topical use are usually not severe. 

Tea tree oil Melaleuca alternifolia Topical antimicrobial Contact dermatitis For topical use only do not take orally. 

Clinical trials (60,61) have shown that TRA can be safely delivered topically using the cervical cap and collagen device. In these studies the TPA was applied as a cream to the sponge, which was then inserted into the vaginal vault. A new device was used daily for up to 4 days. Systemic effects were minimal, and local toxicity was dose-related and acceptable. 

Other Agents. Allergic reactions to chlorhexidine have been observed after insertion of central catheters impregnated with this antiseptic, or after intraurethral use or topical application [26]. Only rare cases of anaphylaxis following topical use of povidone-iodine have been reported. 

The sole objective of all hygiene and manufacturing controls is to ensure the quality of the pharmaceuhcal product for the safety and protection of the pahent. The manufacture of non-sterile pharmaceutical products requires that certain criteria of cleanliness, personal hygiene, produchon methods and storage must be met. Many such products are for oral and topical use and the question may fairly be posed as to the point of what are now quite stringent conditions. Nevertheless, some carefully controlled hospital studies have indeed shown that both types of medicine may be associated with nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections and this risk can be minimized by the application of GMP principles. 

Marincola Cattaneo V, Attania A, Palazzini E, Monti A Topic use of rifaximin in the treatment of pyodermitis (in Italian). Biol Med (Rome) 1988 10 69-78. 

Shaw 0 has described the topical use of such a compound, neomycin hexakispentachlorophenate, in the treatment of dental root infection and periodontic cavities. 

A second question asked in the survey measured possible ways the administrators believed their companies could best promote closer academic-industrial relationships. Following are results relating topic, -useful and, lastly, -which would actively support that mode Industrial Speakers for Academic Seminars - 88, 45 Academic Speakers for Industrial Seminars - 53 28 Industrial-Academic Workshops - 40, 12 Additional ACS Symposia -22, 8 Short Courses in Industrial Location - 43, 15 Short Courses at a College - 42, 17 Short Courses at National ACS Meeting -22, 5 Sabbatical and/or Summer Research Programs -38, 18 Joint Research Projects - 43, 18 Grants or Contracts for... 

The solubility of C60 and C70 fullerenes in vegetable oils will permit to employ these molecules for topical use in creams, lotions and ointments, which are adsorbed by skin. Vegetable oils, especially olive oil, are considered excellent excipients for injectable preparation where the active principle is soluble in fats. Their absorption in the subcutaneous tissues is slow and limited and ensures a gradual release of the active principle (Adami, 1960). 

INCORPORATION OF LIPID NANODISPERSIONS INTO DERMATICS FOR TOPICAL USE... 

Jenning, V., et al., Vitamin A loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for topical use occlusive properties and drug targeting to the upper skin. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 49, 211-18, 2000. 

Jenning, V., Schafer-Korting, M. and Gohla, S., Vitamin A-loaded solid hpid nanoparticles for topical use drug release properties. J. Control. Release, 66, 115-26, 2000. 

In your essay, take a position on this question. You may write about either one of the two points of view given, or you may present a different point of view on this topic. Use specific reasons and examples to support your position. 

Justify defend or uphold your position on the topic, using convincing evidence... 

Mupirocin is only available as cream or ointment intended for topical use. A16 B... 

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