Respiratory disease infectious

The relationship between workplace exposure to airborne asbestos fibers and respiratory diseases is one of the most widely studied subjects of modern epidemiology (37—39). Asbestos-related health concerns were first raised at the beginning of the century in the UK and the latter appears to have been the first country to regulate the asbestos-user industry (40). However, at that time, infectious respiratory diseases were a much greater concern than those arising from poor industrial hygiene practices. 

These plans envision assembling a portfolio of in-licensed drug candidates for which collective development risk is deemed to be relatively low. The idea is to in-license molecules that either are too specialized (small market potential) for large pharma or are not visible to their radar because they come from places like Eastern Europe. These stories are favorites of professional investors, because rNPVs can be calculated with relatively low development risk on the basis of demonstrated clinical utility and/or pipeline diversity. Examples include Dura Pharmaceuticals, who marketed prescription products that treat infectious and respiratory diseases, and Gilead who marketed antiviral nucleotides discovered in the Czech Republic. 

Rats in a subchronic inhalation study exposed to 50 ppm 1,2-dibromoethane had intercurrent infectious disease that severely complicated experimental results (see the discussion in this section on Respiratory Effects). No liver lesions were reported in surviving rats (Rowe et al. 1952). Guinea pigs exposed to 50 ppm 1,2-dibromoethane did not develop respiratory disease. Their liver lesions consisted of minimal centrilobular hepatocellular fatty change (Rowe et al. 1952). Liver lesions were not induced in F344 rats or B6C3i mice following subchronic exposure to any concentrations of... 

Increasing burden from malnutrition, diarrhoeal, cardio-respiratory, and infectious diseases... 

Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside complex produced by Streptomyces ka-namyceticus. It is comprised of three components, kanamycin A being the major component and kanamycins B and C minor congeners. Kanamycin is active against many pathogenic bacteria and has been used parenterally for treatment of bovine respiratory disease, mastitis, and other infectious conditions. A popular combination used in horses and cattle with respiratory disease is kanamycin and penicillin G. It is also used orally for treatment of bacterial enteritis because limited absorption occurs after oral administration. 

Tylosin is widely and exclusively used in veterinary medicine and is primarily directed against the chronic respiratory disease complex in chickens and infectious sinusitus in turkeys, although it is also effective for bovine respiratory and... 

Chloramphenicol (CAP), florfenicol (FLO), and thiamphenicol (TAP) are broad-spectrum antibiotics suitable for the treatment of a variety of infectious organisms (5). Chloramphenicol, which could produce aplastic anemia in a small percentage of humans, is not approved for use in food-producing animals in the United States (129). Florfenicol is allowed for the treatment of bovine respiratory diseases in the United States. The FDA has set a level of 10 /Ug/L in milk (130). The maximum residue level of CAP is set by the EU at 10 yug/kg (15). In Table 6, the different HPLC methods can be found. 

Advances in the equipment for the administration of aerosol medication to horses have facilitated the widespread use of inhalation therapy in equine medicine. Newer aerosolization devices ease administration and make pulmonary drug delivery efficient. Aerosol therapy is likely to become the mainstay of treatment for horses with heaves and may prove beneficial in the treatment of infectious respiratory disease in horses. 

Serious infectious diseases including HIV-related diseases and tuberculosis Serious neurological and muscular diseases Serious renal diseases Serious respiratory diseases Serious skin disorders Sexually transmitted diseases... 

Alterations in the previous respiratory defenses would be expected to make the lung more vulnerable to infectious disease. Animal models have served to demonstrate the effects of airborne chemicals and to establish associations between these effects and actual increases in susceptibility to respiratory disease. These in vivo models combine the adverse effects of the toxicant with the added stress induced... 

Someday biological factors in mental illness will be treated in a manner analogous to the treatment of infectious diseases. For example, if a young man develops fever and weight loss, lives in slum housing, has a poor diet, and is often being exposed to people with respiratory diseases, he may develop a disease, characterized as pneumonia. He can then be treated immediately if the tubercle bacilli are found in his sputum. These could be considered biomarkers. 

Macrolides are used in a variety of dosage forms, including medicated feed, a water-soluble powder for the addition to drinking water, tablets, and injections for the treatment of systemic and local infections in animals. Erythromycin and/or tylosin are indicated for the prophylaxis of hepatic abscesses and the treatment of diphtheria, metritis, bacterial pneumonia, pododermatitis, and bovine respiratory disease in cattle. These drugs are also used in pigs for the prophylaxis and treatment of atrophic rhinitis, infectious arthritis, enteritis, erysipelas, respiratory syndrome, and bacterial respiratory infections, and in farrowing sows for leptospirosis. Erythromycin is indicated for the prophylaxis of enterotoxemia in lambs, while erythromycin and tylosin are used in the treatment... 

Gel and microparticle formulations were prepared to deliver bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1), which is one of the most prevalent pathogenic agents in the world causing serious infectious diseases most commonly, conjunctivitis, genital infections, and respiratory diseases including infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in cattle (Giinbeyaz et al. 2009a,b). These formulations were shown to... 

The disease profile in nineteenth-century cities was dominated by infectious and epidemic diseases that affected the young disproportionately. Before 1880, probably more than half of all deaths in large American cities occurred among children less than five years old, and the leading causes of death were diarrheal diseases—such as typhoid fever, cholera infantum, and dysentery—and respiratory diseases—such as tuberculosis, influenza, bronchitis, and pneumonia. In contrast to the lead poisoning observed in Norman Porritt, these diseases typically killed swiftly and in unmistakable ways." i... 

Overall mortality during outbreaks is up to 15% in hospitalised cases with a greater mortality in the elderly and those with pre-existing respiratory disease. SAKS is uncommon and usually less severe in children under 10 years of age. Patients are no longer infectious after 10 days from the resolution of fever symptoms. 

Measles, mumps and rubella (German measles) are infectious diseases, with respiratory routes of transmission and infection, caused by members of the paramyxovirus group. Each virus is immunologically distinct and has only one serotype. Whilst the primary multiplication sites of these viruses is within the respiratory tract, the diseases are associated with viral multiplication elsewhere in the host. 

This is an acute, non-invasive infectious disease associated with the upper respiratory tract (Chapter 4). The incubation period is fiom 2 to 5 days although the disease remains communicable for up to 4 weeks. A low molecular weight toxin is produced which affects myocardium, nervous and adrenal tissues. Death results in 3-5% of infected children. Diphtheria immunization protects by stimulating the production of an antitoxin. This antitoxin will protect against the disease but not against infection of the respiratory... 

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