Fatty acid-rich oils

Smaller droplets (larger interfacial area) increase the exposure of the encapsulated BLI to reactive molecules, so would be expected to reduce their chemical stability. Despite this, comparisons of BLI degradation rates at different particle sizes are relatively few and the postulated relationship is not always seen. For example, Kiokias and co-workers (2007) did not report any effects of droplet size (d3 =0.5-2 pm) on the rate of lipid oxidation in model food emulsions as a function of temperature, while Let and co-workers (2007), and Nakazawa and co-workers (2008) showed fine to3 fatty acid-rich oil and methyl linolenate emulsions oxidized more slowly than coarse ones (d32=0.5-1.5 pm and median=0.02-1 pm, respectively). Droplet size distribution affects not only the chemical stability of BLI and the physical stability of the EBDS but also the bioavailability of BLI within the EBDS. 

Resin cured butyl (HR) Acids Lyes Strong alkahes Strong phosphoric acid Dilute mineral acids Ketones Amines Water Fats and fatty acids Petroleum oils Chlorinated hydrocarbons Liquids with dissolved chlorine Mineral oil Oxygen rich demin. water Strong oxidants... 

Conversion yields in the bienzymatic system have been optimized by using pure substrates (triglycerides) as well as crude vegetable oils (Table 4) rich in a range of polyunsaturated fatty acids (sunflower oil or linseed oil). The use of crude reactants approaches a more realistic scenario for the industrial-scale manufacture of hydropexides. 

Acidolysis. This reaction can be acid or enzyme catalyzed and may be used to modify triacylglycerol composition. Acidolysis of an oil containing only Cis and Cjg fatty acids with fatty acids rich in lauric acid (e.g., from palm-kemel oil) results in a triacylglycerol enriched in medium-chain fatty acids. 

Use of plant parts (bark, leaves, seeds, etc.) and their extracts to preserve food from developing a rancid taste is a practice that has continued since prehistoric time. There is evidence that even for the industrial materials, plant-based components were used as antidrying agents to prevent oxidation and polymerization of polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich plant oils (2, 5, 48). During the past two decades, intensive research has been carried out on naturally occurring antioxidative compounds from different sources. The main drive behind this search was to reduce the use of synthetic compounds as food additives because of their potential negative health effects and as a result of consumer demand. 

The antioxidant activity of these catechins and the derivatives showed a marked difference depending on the substrate used for evaluation. In bulk corn oil that was oxidized at 50°C epigaUocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate and epicatechin gallate exhibited better antioxidant activity than epicatechin or catechin. These catechins have been very effective in retarding oxidation of polyunsturated fatty acids-rich... 

After the success (at least temporarily) of Oil of Javanicus, the next fatty acid to be developed on a commercial basis was ARA. The early development occurred in the Far East, with two Japanese companies. Lion Corp. and Suntory. Both companies developed processes for producing arachidonic acid using fungal sources. It is interesting to note that the interest of Lion Corp. in an arachidonic acid-rich oil was not for nutritional applications but as the basis of cosmetic creams, another area that can withstand commodities with a premium price. This development resulted in patents being awarded to these two companies in the late 1980s covering the production of arachidonic acid from Mortierella alpina (35, 36). 

Vidgren, H.M., Agren, J.J., Schwab, U., Rissanen, T., Hanninen, O. and Uusitupa, M.I. (1997) Incorporation of n-3 fatty acids into plasma lipid fractions, and erythrocyte membranes and platelets during dietary supplementation with fish, fish oil, and docosahexaenoic acid-rich oil among healthy young men. Lipids. 32 697-705. 

Cotter MA, Cameron NE. Effects of dietary supplementation with ai achidonic acid rich oils on nerve conduction and blood flow in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids 1997 56 337-343. 

Dietary intake of n-6 fatty acids such as linoleic acid, and n-3 fatty acids, such as the fish oils eicosapentanoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, lowers plasma cholesterol and antagonizes platelet activation, but the fish oils are much more potent in this regard [26]. In particular, n-3 fatty acids competitively inhibit thromboxane synthesis in platelets but not prostacyclin synthesis in endothelial cells. These fatty acids have also been shown to have other potentially anti-atherogenic effects, such as inhibition of monocyte cytokine synthesis, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. While dietary intake of n-3 fatty acid-rich fish oils appears to be atheroprotective, human and animal dietary studies with the n-6 fatty acid linoleic acid have yielded conflicting results in terms of effects on both plasma lipoproteins and atherosclerosis. Indeed, excess amounts of both n-3 and n-6 fatty acids may actually promote oxidation, inflammation, and possibly atherogenesis (M. Toberek, 1998). In this context, enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation of linoleic acid in the sn-2 position of LDL phospholipids to 9- and 13-hydroxy derivatives is a key event in LDL oxidation (Section 6.2). 

Fish/fish oil consumption has also been shown to affect plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels (for review, see Herold and Kinsella, 1986). The most consistent effect is a substantial reduction in plasma triglyceride following (0-3 fatty acid-rich diets. This is associated with reduced plasma VLDL since this lipoprotein fraction is the major carrier of triglyceride in the blood. The mechanism of this (o-3 fatty acid effect may involve inhibition of triglyceride synthesis in the liver, as well as a recluction in the formation of VLDL apoproteins (see Weaver and Holub, 1988). The effect of fish/fish oil feeding on plasma total cholesterol levels have been variable, with either no change or only a moderate decrease observed. Similarily, effects on LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol are variable. 

Tocherl D. Francis, D. Coupland, K. N-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich vegetable oils and blends. InFish Oil Replacement and Alternative Lipid Sources in Aquaculture Feeds. CRC Press 2010,209-244. 

Prostaglandins arise from unsaturated C20 carboxylic acids such as arachidonic acid (see Table 26 1) Mammals cannot biosynthesize arachidonic acid directly They obtain Imoleic acid (Table 26 1) from vegetable oils m their diet and extend the car bon chain of Imoleic acid from 18 to 20 carbons while introducing two more double bonds Lmoleic acid is said to be an essential fatty acid, forming part of the dietary requirement of mammals Animals fed on diets that are deficient m Imoleic acid grow poorly and suffer a number of other disorders some of which are reversed on feed mg them vegetable oils rich m Imoleic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids One function of these substances is to provide the raw materials for prostaglandin biosynthesis... 

These alkaloids include the substituted pyridone ricinine [524-40-3] (53), CgHgN202, which is easily isolated in high yield as the only alkaloid from the castor bean (Ricinus communis L.). The castor bean is also the source of castor oil (qv), which is obtained by pressing the castor bean and, rich in fatty acids, has served as a gentie cathartic. 

Fats and oils may be synthesized in enantiomerically pure forms in the laboratory (30) or derived from vegetable sources (mainly from nuts, beans, and seeds), animal depot fats, fish, or marine mammals. Oils obtained from other sources differ markedly in their fatty acid distribution. Table 2 shows compositions for a wide variety of oils. One variation in composition is the chain length of the fatty acid. Butterfat, for example, has a fairly high concentration of short- and medium-chain saturated fatty acids. Oils derived from cuphea are also a rich source of capric acid which is considered to be medium in chain length (32). Palm kernel and coconut oils are known as lauric oils because of their high content of C-12 saturated fatty acid (lauric acid). Rapeseed oil, on the other hand, has a fairly high concentration of long-chain (C-20 and C-22) fatty acids. 

Natural fats are glycerol esters of fatty acids known as triglycerides. Unsaturated fats are generally liquids (oils) at room temperature, while triglycerides rich in saturated fatty acids are generally solids. View tristearin and triolein. Which one of these is saturated and which is unsaturated Are die double bonds in the unsaturated fat cis or transl... 

Alkaline hydrolysis (saponification) has been used to remove contaminating lipids from fat-rich samples (e.g., pahn oil) and hydrolyze chlorophyll (e.g., green vegetables) and carotenoid esters (e.g., fruits). Xanthophylls, both free and with different degrees of esterification with a mixture of different fatty acids, are typically found in fruits, and saponification allows easier chromatographic separation, identification, and quantification. For this reason, most methods for quantitative carotenoid analysis include a saponification step. 

Lipase from Aspergillus sp. Milk fat hydrolysis (rich in saturated fatty acids) Oil-phosphate buffer (1/2) 35.7 101... 

---