Lipids Plasma

Lipoproteins (from human plasma). Individual human plasma lipid peaks were removed from plasma by ultracentrifugation, then separated and purified by agarose-column chromatography. Fractions were characterised immunologically, chemically, electrophoretically and by electron microscopy. [Rudel et al. Biochem J 13 89 1974.]... 

Zirconium(IV) oxychloride estrone, 17- -estradiol and estnol, plasma lipids heat to 150 to 180°C for 5 min Fluorescent zones are produced — sometimes only after heating for longer penod [178]... 

The effect of statins on plasma lipids and lipoproteins is rapidly seen and fully achieved after 4-6 weeks of treatment. The effect persists unchanged during continued use for several years, but after stopping the diug, LDL-cholesterol rapidly increases to pretreatment levels. Treatment with statins is therefore usually continued indefinitely and not as a short-term cure. Finally, it is generally advisable to use the statins that have documented their efficacy in clinical trials (evidence-based medicine). 

The effect of a statin is usually determined by measuring fasting plasma lipids and lipoproteins after 4-6 weeks of treatment. Liver enzymes and eventually creatine kinase (in case of myositis liver enzymes are usually also elevated) are measured simultaneously to exclude side effects related to liver and muscles. After the treatment goal has been reached, blood sampling is usually performed 1-2 times a year. 

Lipid-lowering diugs are diugs that affect the lipoprotein metabolism and that used in therapy to lower plasma lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides). The main classes of... 

Plasma lipid transfer proteins, which include the cholesteryl-ester-transfer-protein (CETP previously known as lipid transfer protein I, LTP-I) and the phospholipid-transfer-protein (PLTP previously known as lipid transfer protein II, LTP-II) mediate the transfer of lipids (cholesteryl esters, triglycerides and phospholipids) between lipoproteins present in human plasma. These proteins significantly affect plasma lipoprotein concentration and composition. 

Tall A (1995) Plasma lipid transfer proteins. Annu Rev Biochem 64 235-257... 

Jiang XC, Zhou HW (2006) Plasma lipid transfer proteins. Curr Opin Lipidol 17 302—308... 

FAT EMULSIONS. When a fat emulsion is administered, the nurse must monitor the patient s ability to eliminate the infused fat from the circulation. The lipidemia must clear between daily infusions. The nurse monitors for lipidemia through assessing the result of the following laboratory exams hemogram, blood coagulation, liver function tests, plasma lipid profile, and platelet count. The nurse reports an increase in any of these laboratory examinations as abnormal. 

Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the hypocholesterolemic effect of GA (Annison et al., 1995 Tiss et al., 2001). Some studies have suggested that the viscosity of fermentable dietary fiber contributes substantially to the reduction of lipids in animals and humans (Gallaher et al., 1993 Moundras et al., 1994). However, other studies suggested that this property is not related to plasma lipids (Evans et al., 1992). The mechanism involved is clearly linked to increased bile acid excretion and fecal neutral sterol or a modification of digestion and absorption of lipids (Moundras et al., 1994). 

Plasma lipids consist of triacylglycerols (16%), phospholipids (30%), cholesterol (14%), and cholesteryl esters (36%) and a much smaller fraction of unesteri-fied long-chain fatty acids (free fatty acids) (4%). This latter fraction, the free fatty acids (FFA), is metaboh-cally the most active of the plasma hpids. 

Rye K-A et al Overview of plasma lipid transport. In Plasma Lipids and Their Role in Disease. Barter PJ, Rye K-A (editors). Harwood Academic Publishers, 1999. 

Synthesis of glycogen, fatty acids, protein, and nucleic acids does not occur in the RBC however, some lipids (eg, cholesterol) in the red cell membrane can exchange with corresponding plasma lipids. 

HSU 0 s, SHEN w w, HSUEH, Y M and YEH s L (2001) Soy isoflavone supplementation in postmenopausal women. Effects on plasma lipids, antioxidant enzye activities and bone density. JReprod Med 46, 221-6. 

GARDNER c D, NEWELL K A, CHERiN R and HASKELL w L (2001) The effect of soy protein with or without isoflavones relative to milk protein on plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. dm J Clin Nutr. 73 (4) 728-35. 

HO s 0, WOO J L, LEUNG s s, SHAM A L, LAM T H and JANUS E D (2000) Intake of soy products is associated with better plasma lipid profiles in the Hong Kong Chinese population. JNutr. 130 (10) 2590-93. 

MERZ-DEMLOW B E, DUNCAN A M, WANGEN K E, XU X, CARR T P, PHIPPS W R and KURZER M S (2000) Soy isoflavones improve plasma lipids innormocholesterolemic, premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 71 (6) 1462-9. 

Soy isoflavones improve systemic arterial compliance but not plasma lipids in menopausal and perimenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol. 17 (12) 3392-8. 

PRINCEN H M, VAN DUYVENVOORDE W, BUYTENHEK R, BLONK C, TIJBURG L B, LANGIUS J A, MEINDERS A E, PUL H (1998) No effect of consiunption of green and black tea on plasma lipid antioxidant level and on LDL oxidation in smokers, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, 18, 833-41. 

LEES RS, LEES A (1976) Sitosterol therapy on plasma lipid and lipoprotein Concentrations. In Lipoprotein Metabolism, Ed. Greten, H, Berlin Springer, 119-24. 

LICHTENSTEIN A H, AUSMAN L M, CARRASCO W, GUALLEIRI L J, JENNER J L, ORDOVAS J M, NICOLOSI R J, GOLDIN B R, SCHAEFER E J (1994) Rice bran oil consumption and plasma lipid levels in moderately hypercholesterolemic humans. Arterioscleroses and Thrombosis, 14(4) 549-556. 

RAEDERSTORFF D, ELSTE V, AEBiscHER c, WEBER p (2002) Effect of either gamma-tocotrienol or a tocotrienol mixture on the plasma lipid profile in hamsters. Ann Nutr Metab, 46 17-23. 

Kim, H.S. and Lee, B.M., Protective effects of antioxidant supplementation on plasma lipid peroxidation in smokers, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 63, 583, 2001. Gaziano, J.M. et al.. Supplementation with beta-carotene in vivo and in vitro does not inhibit low density lipoprotein oxidation. Atherosclerosis, 112, 187, 1995. Sutherland, W.H.F. et al.. Supplementation with tomato juice increases plasma lycopene but does not alter susceptibility to oxidation of low-density lipoproteins from renal transplant recipients, Clin. Nephrol, 52, 30, 1999. 

Ascorbate has multiple antioxidant capacities and may be the most important water-soluble defence against free-radical damage in human plasma. At millimolar concentrations, ascorbate scavenges O2, OH and HOCl (Blake et al., 1983). The latter reaction protects plasma lipids against degradation by activated PMNs. 

Lipid peroxidation is a radical-mediated chain reaction resulting in the degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that contain more than two covalent carbon-carbon double bonds (reviewed by Esterbauer et al., 1992). One of the major carriers of plasma lipids is LDL, a spherical molecule with a molecular weight of 2.5x10 . A single LDL particle contains 1300 PUFA molecules (2700 total fatty-acid molecules) and is... 

Lemonnier, P., Cresteil, D., Feneant, M., Couturier, M., Bernard, O. and AlagjUe, D. (1987). Plasma lipid peroxides in cholestatic children. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 76, 928-934. 

Table 12.1 Studies of serum/plasma lipid peroxides in human diabetes modified from Lyons (1991)...

Becker, N., Illingsworth, R., Alaupovic, P., Connor, W. E., Sundberg, E. E., Effects of saturated, monounsaturated, and w-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and apoproteins in humans, Am J Clin Nutr, 37, 355, 1983... 

Hyperlipemia may manifest itself by an increased concentration of lipids, or certain groups thereof. For example, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceri-demia may be mentioned in this connection. Since practically all the blood plasma lipids make part of lipoproteins, hyperlipemias may be reduced to one of the hyper-lipoproteinemia forms which differ in the varied ratios of plasma lipoproteins of different groups. 

Korhonen T, FIannukseia ML, Seppa-nen S, Kervinen K, Kesaniemi YA, Sa-volainen MJ. The effect of the apolipo-protein E phenotype on cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity, plasma lipids and apolipoprotein A I levels in hyperch-olesterolaemic patients on colestipol and lovastatin treatment. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999 54 903-910. 

Flavell DM, Pineda Torra I, Jamshidi Y, Evans D, Diamond JR, Elkeles RS, et al. Variation in the PPARalpha gene is associated with altered function in vitro and plasma lipid concentrations in Type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetologia 2000 43 673-680. 

Eto M, Sato T, Watanabe K, Iwashima Y, Makino I. Effects of probucol on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in familial hy-percholesterolemic patients with and without apolipoprotein E4. Atherosclerosis 1990 84 49-53. 

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