Synthetic compound

Synthetic compounds are synthesised de novo from small building blocks. This compound class can be divided in four segments depending on the method and purpose of synthesis. 

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Animals that do not readily accept pelleted feeds may be enticed to do so if the feed carries an odor that induces ingestion. Color development is an important consideration in aquarium species and some animals produced for human food. External coloration is desired in aquarium species. Pink flesh in cultured salmon is desired by much of the consuming pubHc. Coloration, whether external or of the flesh, can be achieved by incorporating ingredients that contain pigments or by adding extracts or synthetic compounds. One class of additives that imparts color is the carotenoids. 

Pharmacological Profiles of Anxiolytics and Sedative—Hypnotics. Historically, chemotherapy of anxiety and sleep disorders rehed on a wide variety of natural products such as opiates, alcohol, cannabis, and kawa pyrones. Use of various bromides and chloral derivatives ia these medical iadications enjoyed considerable popularity early ia the twentieth century. Upon the discovery of barbiturates, numerous synthetic compounds rapidly became available for the treatment of anxiety and insomnia. As of this writing barbiturates are ia use primarily as iajectable general anesthetics (qv) and as antiepileptics. These agents have been largely replaced as treatment for anxiety and sleep disorders. 

A listing of compounds evaluated in the laboratory as cockroach repeUents summarizes 872 synthetic compounds out of 901 bioassayed from 1953 to 1974 (43). EenchoHc acid [512-77-6] (3-isopropyl-1-methylcyclopentanecarboxyHc acid) has been used as a standard repeUent in tests conducted by placing 20 cockroaches in a glass crystallizing dish without food and water and offering them a choice of two cardboard shelters, one of which was treated with 1 or 2 mL of a 1% solution of the candidate in acetone. Counts were made daily for seven days. 

Synthetic Heme. Synthetic compounds that biad or chelate O2 have been produced. These compounds are commercially attractive because manufacture and Hcensure might be developed as a dmg, rather than as a biological product. It has been shown that synthetic hemes can be used to transfuse animals (53). Although synthetic O2 carriers would avoid the limited hemoglobin supply problem, the synthetic procedures are very tedious, and the possibihty of scale up seems remote. 

The pioneering work carried out in Germany in the 1920s showed that appropriately substituted aminoquinolines and amino-acridines afforded a series of synthetic compounds that exhibited antimalarial activity.The exigencies of the Second World War led to a massive program aimed at the same goal in this country. This work led to the development of two distinct structural classes of quinoline antimalarials the 4-amino-7-chloroquino-... 

Systematic screening experiments have identified more than 100 synthetic compounds with potent antiangiogenic activity. The mode of action for most of these molecules is not well understood, but some of the 40 compounds are well advanced in clinical trials (Table 3). The first substance to have entered clinical trials was the Fumagillin-derivative AGM 1470. Fumagillin is an antibiotic which inhibits bFGF- and PDGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation. The mechanism of action of AGM 1470 is poorly understood, but it was shown that it binds and inhibits the metalloprotease methionine aminopeptidase (MetAp-2). 

There are several hundred reported NF-kB inhibitors (see www.nf-kb.org for a complete and updated list). These inhibitors include natural products, chemicals, metabolites, and synthetic compounds. A large majority of these products, in particular commonly used antiinflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids and the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSADDs) aspirin, sulindac, ibuprofen and sulphasalazine, have the ability to partially inhibit NF-kB activity in cell culture. However, the precise mechanism of action and the specific molecular targets of most of these inhibitors remain unclear. 

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are synthetic compounds with partially agonistic and partially antagonistic estrogenic properties. In bone, SERMs inhibit bone resorption via the mechanisms known for estrogens. Major SERMs are tamoxifen, a triphenylethylene compound, and raloxifene. In postmenopausal women, the latter has been shown to prevent bone loss and to reduce fracture risk by 40%. 

Ethyl vanillin is a synthetic compound that is three and a half times stronger in flavor than real vanilla, although the flavor is not quite the same. Because it is less expensive and keeps better during storage and transport, ethyl vanillin is used as a substitute for vanilla in foods and perfumes. 

With respect to their biodegradability, LASs are the most thoroughly examined synthetic compounds. Excellent and comprehensive surveys have been published... 

Isolated and benzo-fused diazine rings are key structural elements in many natural and synthetic compounds of current interest. This contribution relates highlights from many of the studies on the diazines pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, and their benzo-fused derivatives cinnoline, phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, and phenazine published in English in the journal literature during 1996, as covered by Chem. Abstr. through volume 126, issue 5. 

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