Oil plants

ADMET was the first process examined for polymerization of plant oils because their component fatty acids already contain an alkene that could be easily metathe-sized without any synthetic manipulations. The early efforts in plant oil polymerization began with looking at the ADMET polymerization of soybean oil. This early study demonstrated that soybean oil could be metathesized and that 5% of polymerized soybean could be added to normal soybean oil to efficiently decrease 

Building on the initial examination of corn and soybean oil, a variety of other oils were examined such as safflower, walnut, olive, peanut, sesame, canola, and sunflower oil. Interestingly, the amount of unsaturation in each oil did not influence the r value of the resulting polymer. All the polymers showed average yields ranging from 40 to 60% with modest r values, as listed in Table 14.2. 

Oil type Alcohol-insoluble (% recovery, r) Alcohol-soluble (% recovery, r) 

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To support them, therefore, immense activities are prompted both in pubh c private sectors with increasing importance on NDT. The particular application of radiography using Ir-192 isotopes for industrial production, construction maintenance of industries, power plants, oil and gas pipelines plants, railway, aviation systems, naval structures and vessels, etc is currently in the fore front for its reliabih ly, ease of application record keeping advantages. 

Tennyson. R. N.. and Schaap, R. R, Guidelines Can Help Choose Proper Process for Gas-Treating Plants, Oil and Gas Journal, January 10, 1977. 

The commercial exploitation of our increased understanding of protein stmcture will not, of course, be restricted to the pharmaceutical industry. The industrial use of enzymes in the chemical industry, the development of new and more specific pesticides and herbicides, the modification of enzymes in order to change the composition of plant oils and plant carbohydrates are all examples of other commercial developments that depend, in part, on understanding the structure of particular proteins at high resolution. 

Although vegetable oils usually contain a higher proportion of nnsatnrated fatty acids than do animal oils and fats, several plant oils are actually high in saturated fats. Palm oil is low in polyunsaturated fatty acids and particularly high in (saturated) palmitic acid (whence the name palmitic). Coconut oil is particularly high in lanric and myristic acids (both saturated) and contains very few nnsatnrated fatty acids. 

M. Waksmundzka-Hanios and M. Markowski, Chromatography of some essential plant oils on thin layers of flarisil , Chem. Anal. (Warsaw) 40 163-174 (1995). 

Plants and animals are themselves highly effective chemical factories and they synthesize many carbon compounds useful to man. These include sugars, starches, plant oils and waxes, fats, gelatin, dyes, drugs, and fibers. 

Fats, as well as animal and plant oils, are esters. Actually they are triple esters of glycerol (1,2,3-propanetriol) ... 

Phylloquinone (vitamin Kl) is the form of vitamin K synthetized by mainly green leafy vegetables and such also appears in plant oils (soybean, cottonseed, canola, olive). Both are good sources for a daily supply, although the need of such a supply is still under discussion. Table 1 shows some good sources and their content of vitamin Kl. 

Biofuels rely on organic feedstocks such as plant oil, food wastes and trees but their larger scale and rapid exploitation to meet government targets is stressing large areas of land and associated systems such as water, food production and recreation. A truly sustainable future for biofuels and other eco-system exploitation for industrial value requires a better understanding and more quantitative assessment of a number of critical issues ... 

As plant extracts mainly comprise large amonnts of ballast substances (e.g., lipids and chlorophylls), their purification is often a priority in the analysis. Such purification can be expensive in terms of both time and solvent consumed and can lead to losses of sample components. Online purification and separation of extracts contaminated with plant oil, can be readily performed by TLC in equilibrium chambers [1] that enable the use of continuous elution. 

Preliminary purification of a starting band contaminated with plant oil should be performed by predevelopment with a nonpolar solvent such as benzene or n-heptane, delivered from the eluent container. Weakly retained ballast substances (e.g., lipids) move with the solvent to the edge of the adsorbent layer, covering the glass plate where the volatile solvent evaporates. The contaminants can then be removed (scraped out with the adsorbent) from the layer or adsorbed on the strip of blotting paper placed on the upper edge of the layer. 

Figure 11.1a [1] shows a schematic representation of a micropreparative thin-layer chromatogram obtained on a 0.5-mm Florisil (magnesium silicate) layer prewetted with benzene of a crude extract, i.e., containing coextracted plant oil obtained from Heracleum moelendorfi fruit. The initial band of extract was washed with benzene and then separated by continuous development with ethyl acetate in benzene [1]. As seen from the fraction analysis presented in Figure 11.1b, small quantities of pure bergapten and xanthotoxin can be isolated in this maimer. 

Grade extracts of different plants are often rich in lipophilic substances, such as plant oils, chlorophylls, and waxes and also highly polar components such as tannines or sugars. Because the complicated liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) procedures are... 

Choice of Solvent. As indicated by Averell and Norris (1), and independently confirmed by the authors, technical benzene is a superior stripping solvent for parathion residues. It is almost completely miscible with technical grade parathion at room temperatures, it is universally available and low in cost, it is readily volatile, it fails to contribute to storage decomposition (6), it is a good solvent for plant oils and waxes, and it is immiscible with water. On the other hand, benzene is highly flammable and its vapors are very toxic to human beings, especially as a chronic toxicant even in small doses. 

Z Ju, Y Duan, Z Ju. Plant oil emulsion modifies internal atmosphere, delays fruit ripening and inhibits internal browning in Chinese pears. Postharvest Biol and Tech 20(3) 243-250, 2000. 

Copley, M. S., H. A. Bland, P. Rose, M. Horton, and R. P. Evershed (2005), Gas chromatographic, mass spectrometric and stable carbon isotopic investigations of organic residues of plant oils and animal fats employed as illuminants in archeological lamps from Egypt, Analyst 130, 860-871. 

One way to determine the fatty acid composition of a plant oil is by the technique of high-performance liquid chromatography. This technique is a separation... 

The physical and chemical properties of individual oils and fats are determined by the nature and proportions of fatty acids that enter into the triglycerides composition. Animal and dairy fat like plant oils are dominated by triacylglycerols, with steroids present as minor components, cholesterol and its esters being the most significant. The triacylglycerols of animal fats differ from plant oils since they contain more of the saturated fatty acids and consequently are solid at room temperature. 

Animal and dairy fats can be differentiated from plant lipids on the basis of the FA distribution animal fats generally contain less palmitic acid than stearic acid, while palmitic acid predominates over stearic acid in plant oils. 

Octadecatrienoic a-Linolenic 08 3 (n — 3) Abundant in linseed oil and in other plant oils and tissues... 

Condamin et al. 1976, Stern et al. 2000). Although Condamin et al. (1976) identified oil residues from Mediterranean amphorae, their claim of identifying olive oil is supported by archaeological evidence alone (similar to the case of wine discussed above), and not by the molecular evidence, which is probably limited to the identification of a generic plant oil. Fatty acids have also been found in preserved human soft tissues (Evershed and Connolly 1988, Evershed 1990) and bones (Evershed et al. 1995). 

This chapter surveys different process options to convert terpenes, plant oils, carbohydrates and lignocellulosic materials into valuable chemicals and polymers. Three different strategies of conversion processes integrated in a biorefinery scheme are proposed from biomass to bioproducts via degraded molecules , from platform molecules to bioproducts , and from biomass to bioproducts via new synthesis routes . Selected examples representative of the three options are given. Attention is focused on conversions based on one-pot reactions involving one or several catalytic steps that could be used to replace conventional synthetic routes developed for hydrocarbons. 

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