258 - dietary supplements

P-Picoline may serve as an important source of nicotinic acid [59-67-6] for dietary supplements. A variety of substituted pyridines may be prepared from acrolein (75—83). 

The mmen is not functional at birth and milk is shunted to the abomasum. One to two weeks after birth, the neonate consumes soHd food if offered. A calf or lamb that is nursing tends to nibble the mother s feed. An alternative method of raising the neonate is to remove it from its mother at a very young age, <1 week. A common example of an early weaning situation is the dairy calf that is removed from the cow soon after birth so that the cow s milk supply might be devoted entirely to production. In this instance, the neonate requires complete dietary supplementation with milk replacer. Sources of milk replacer protein have traditionally included milk protein but may also include soybean proteins, fish protein concentrates, field bean proteins, pea protein concentrates, and yeast protein (4). Information on the digestibiUty of some of these protein sources is available (4). 

Strong acids or bases catalyze the hydrolysis of 2-pyrrohdinone to 4-aminobutanoic acid [y-aminobutyric acid [56-12-2] (GABA)]. GABA is involved in the functioning of the brain and nervous system and is of considerable interest as a potential dietary supplement (60). 

Carotenoids are also used as pigments and dietary supplements in animals and poultry feedstuffs. They are added to pharmaceutical products to provide a form of control during manufacturing and to distinguish one product from another. They also enhance the aesthetic aspects of the products (210). 

Most of the thiamine sold worldwide is used for dietary supplements. Primary market areas include the following appHcations addition to feed formulations, eg, poultry, pigs, catde, and fish (see Feeds and feed additives) fortification of refined foods, eg, flours, rice, and cereal products and incorporation into multivitamins. Small amounts are used in medicine to treat deficiency diseases and other conditions, in agriculture as an additive to ferti1i2ers (qv), and in foods as flavorings. Generally for dry formulations, the less soluble, nonhygroscopic nitrate is preferred. Only the hydrochloride can be used for intravenous purposes. Coated thiamine is used where flavor is a factor. 

Table 2 Hsts the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for vitamin K. Although manufacture by intestinal bacteria represents a significant source of plasma menaquinone concentrations, rehance on this source alone is not sufficient to maintain healthy concentrations of menaquinone. Consequendy, dietary supplementation is necessary (76).

Brewers and bakers dried yeasts are used as dietary supplements. They contribute some protein and trace minerals, and some B vitamins, but no vitamin C, vitamin B 2 or fat-soluble vitamins. The glucose tolerance factor (GTE) of yeast, chromium nicotinate, mediates the effect of insulin. It seems to be important for older persons who caimot synthesize GTE from inorganic dietary chromium. The ceU wall fraction of bakers yeast reduces cholesterol levels in rats fed a hypercholesteremic diet. 

Zinc is also an essential food element in the human diet. Too Httle zinc in the diet can lead to poor health, reproductive problems and a lowered abHity to resist disease. Taking too much zinc into the body through food, water or dietary supplements can also affect health. The levels of zinc that produce adverse effects are higher than the Recommended DaHy AHowances, which are 15 mg/day for men, 12 mg/day for women, 10 mg/day for children and 5 mg/day for infants. 

In the feeding of animals, choline is often added to chicken and turkey feeds as a dietary supplement (37—39). Its use in catde feed has also been studied (40,41). 

Selenium is widely sold as a dietary supplement. It is advertised to protect women from breast cancer. Write the nuclear symbol for naturally occurring selenium. It has 34 protons and 46 neutrons. 

Copper sulfate is widely used as a dietary supplement for animal feed. A lab technician prepares a stock solution of CuS04 by adding 79.80 g of CuS04 to enough water to make 500.0 mL of solution. An experiment requires a 0.1000 M solution of CuS04. 

When obtaining the drug history, the nurse must always question the patient about the use of herbs, teas, vitamins, or other nutritional or dietary supplements. Many patients consider herbs as natural and therefore safe It is also difficult for some to report the use of an herbal tea as a part of the health care regimen. Display 1-4 identifies teaching points to consider when discussing the use of herbs and nutritional supplements with patients. Although a complete discussion about the use of herbs is beyond the scope of this book, it is important to remember that the use of herbs and nutritional supplements is commonplace in many areas of the country. To help the student become more aware of herbal therapy and nutritional supplements, Appendix B gives... 

The EVA warns the public not to take ephedrine-contain-ing dietary supplements with labels that portray the products as an alternative to illegal street drugs such as Ebsta because these products may pose serious health risks to consumers... 

Lecithin is often taken as a dietary supplement, since it contains the B vitamin choline. 

Saffron is a spice that is used sometimes for flavor, but mostly for the yellow color it imparts to foods. Because of its expense, saffron is often replaced in recipes by another carotenoid, annatto, or the unrelated dye molecule in turmeric. Like the other carotenoid dyes, saffron is an antioxidant, but its expense makes it unsuitable as a preservative or dietary supplement. 

F.3 What is the mass percentage composition of I-carnitine, C7HhN03, a compound that is taken as a dietary supplement to reduce muscle fatigue ... 

In nearly every pharmacy, supermarket, and health food store, you can find bottles of antioxidants and antioxidant-rich natural products, such as fish oils, Gingko biloba leaves, and wheat grass. These dietary supplements are intended to help the body control its population of radicals and, as a result, slow aging and degenerative diseases such as heart failure and cancer. 

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