Research-intensive

The Future of America s Research Intensive Industries, Institute for the Future, Menlo Park, Calif., Aug. 1995, p. 8. 

Another area of high research intensity is the catalytic dehydrogenation of alkanes to yield industrially important olefin derivatives by a formally endothermic (ca. 35 kcal mol-1) loss of H2. Recent results have concentrated on pincer iridium complexes, which catalytically dehydrogenate cycloalkanes, in the presence of a hydrogen accepting (sacrificial) olefin, with turnover numbers (TONs) of >1000 (Equation (23)) (see, e.g., Ref 33,... 

The chemical industry is research intensive. It hires over 15% of all scientists and engineers in the U.S. The four industrial sectors spending the largest amounts on R D are aircraft and missiles, 25% electrical equipment, 17% chemicals and allied products, 11% and motor vehicles and related equipment, 11%. Of the total for chemicals about 10% of chemicals and allied products R D is federally financed, compared to 76% of aircraft and missiles R D and 44% of electrical and communications equipment R D. Thus chemical R D is heavily subsidized by industry. 

Patents are considered critically important to research-oriented pharmaceutical firms in obtaining positive returns from innovations. This has been demonstrated in several economic studies. In cross-industry analyses, Levin et al. (1987) and Cohen, Nelson, and Walsh (2002) found that the pharmaceutical industry placed the highest importance on patents. By contrast, many other research-intensive industries, such as computers and semiconductors, placed greater stress on factors like lead time and efficiencies in the production of new products accruing to first movers. 

Traditional cost-effectiveness analysis of general interventions, assuming there exists the incremental cost ofvarious inputs, assumes perfectly elastic long-run supply curves. That is, the product can be acquired at the same price, regardless of the quality of the product purchased. While this may be a reasonable approximation for such services as hospital care, perhaps physician services, and some non-research-intensive materials and devices, this is not a proper assumption for patent-protected drugs. 

Although the DRRA states that no one can use the safety and efficacy data submitted by an innovator to request the approval of a monograph, a study by the Economic Staff of the Food and Drug Administration concludes that, based on certain assumptions about the loss of market share by innovative ("research-intensive") firms, the degree of shift in sales to foreign firms, and the amount of sales gained by non-research-intensive firms, the disclosure of safety and efficacy data will still have a negative impact on pharmaceutical R D expenditures (18). 

Full disclosure of S E data is estimated to decrease U.S. pharmaceutical firms R D expenditures by 56 million or up to 4.7 percent of recent levels of R D. The impact on R D investment is a consequence of increased competition in the industry and the accompanying shifts in sales from innovators to other U.S. firms and to foreign firms. Innovative or research-intensive firms in the aggregate invest a higher proportion of sales into R D than other U.S. firms. The estimated potential loss in sales of all U.S. firms is approximately 600 million, an event which would occur over a multi-year period," (18)... 

The field of nonlinear optics (NLO) is currently one of the most active in terms of research intensity and funding. However, despite many heroic efforts, both theoretical and experimental, the most common SHG-active materials that are in use today, potassium dihydrogenphosphate (KDP) and lithium niobate(V), LiNbO 3, were discovered when the field was in its infancy. Efforts now have to be concentrated on the development of processable, nonlinear optical materials, and this has to be achieved on a very short time scale. 

The industry invests, on average, about eight percent of its revenues in research and development (R D). Such a research-intensive approach helps end customers immensely, and it is little wonder that chemicals are seen as the engine of innovation. According to a February 2003 study from the Center for European Economic Research, the chemical industry provides more industry-overlapping R D transfers than any other - a fifth of the total, in fact. Thanks to the properties of new materials and components, other industries are able to develop new products and applications - and these innovations succeed because they boost companies economics, improve the effectiveness of existing products and processes in other industries, and are less polluting (Fig. 4.1). 

We read and hear a great deal about the drift of the chemical industry to cheaper wage zones such as China. The shift of standard product production into these regions is already a fact but, if the basic conditions are put in place for manufactured, high-tech, research-intensive chemicals such as liquid crystals, then the economic success of the chemical industry in Europe can be secured as the engine of innovation in other industries. 

Relations of the rate of mass transfer between gas and liquid and the influence of the stagnant and dynamic holdup were not researched intensively, until the present work, although papers on the general subject have been presented (3-6). Lately an interesting paper about mass transfer from liquid to solid in pulsing flow was presented by Luss and co-workers (7 ). 

That belief is well founded. Studies indicate that as much as 50 percent of the economic growth of the United States over the past 50 years is due to technological innovations spurred by investments in R D. Our most research-intensive industries—aerospace, chemicals, communications equipment, computers and office equipment, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, semiconductors, and software— have been growing at about twice the rate of the economy as a whole over the past two decades. 

However, the modest increases in Ph.D. degrees are not reflected by representation across the workforce. It was recently reported that the top research-intensive chemistry departments have very few... 

Together, these condihons provided the setting for the development of the pharmaceutical industry. Frederick Steams Company, the first U.S. pharmaceutical company, was founded in 1855. Before 1900, there were 21 established firms, including the predecessors of some of today s largest research-intensive pharmaceutical companies, such as Sharp Dohme, Eli Lilly and Company, and Johnson Johnson. With the rise of the pharmaceutical industry, more pharmacists discontinued manufacturing drugs in their apothecaries and began to compound medications. This fundamental shift in professional functions is notable because it was a reaction to external forces rather than the result of inihatives from within the profession of pharmacy. 

Superfruit phyto chemicals are being researched intensively for their potential health benefits to people. These phytochemicals are being studied for possible preventive qualities against certain diseases. 

Among all the current superfruit research going on, no individual phytochemical has ignited as much research intensity as resveratrol. Resveratrol is present not only in red grapes and wine but also in the skins of superfruits such as blackcurrants, blueberries, and strawberries. 

Clinical research intensity. This indicator shows how close science is to proving that a superfruit used regularly in one s diet could lead to better human ( clinical ) health or disease resistance. 

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