Consistency effect

Although no consistently effective chemical repellent has been developed for vertebrate pests, some promising materials have been tested as repellents that are based on predator avoidance, specifically compounds from the secretions of predators. In 1995, synthetic sulfur compounds (two thietanes, a thiolane, and a substituted methyl sulfide, which were originally identified from the anal glands of the stoat, ferret, and red fox) suppressed browsing by the introduced AustraUan bmsh-tail opossum in New Zealand about as well as FEP (83). Suggestions were made that these compounds can be made more effective by the use of bitter compounds in a cocktail. 

Local anaesthetics are more consistently effective than other therapies, but their use is controversial. High concentrations are needed for therapeutic benefit, but this also increases the amount crossing the blood brain barrier and entering the brain producing unwanted effects. Topical administration to the airways can reduce this. 

Immunotoxicity, consistently effects on thymus weight but also measures of functional immunotoxicity, is demonstrated for dibutyltin and mono- and dioctylins. A NOAEL could not be determined for dibutyltin, but the lowest dose reported as causing effects was 2.5 mg/kg body weight per day (as dibutyltin dichloride). 

The data presented in this chapter provide strong evidence, from both neurochemical and neuroanatomical studies, demonstrating that, following in vivo administration of a number of methylenedioxy-substituted amphetamine derivatives, there is widespread and long-lasting degeneration of serotonin neurons in brain, without any major or consistent effects on catecholamine neurons. A detailed examination of the parameters involved in the neurotoxic and neurodegencrative effects of MDMA on brain serotonin neurons indicates that ... 

Metronidazole and tinidazole are the only antimicrobial agents available in the United States that are consistently effective in T. vaginalis infections. 

Inhaled corticosteroids are the preferred long-term control therapy for persistent asthma in all patients because of their potency and consistent effectiveness they are also the only therapy shown to reduce the risk of death from asthma. Comparative doses are included in Table 80-3. Most patients with moderate disease can be controlled with twice-daily dosing some products have once-daily dosing indications. Patients with more severe disease require multiple daily dosing. Because the inflammatory response of asthma inhibits steroid receptor binding, patients should be started on higher and more frequent doses and then tapered down once control has been achieved. The response to inhaled corticosteroids is delayed symptoms improve in most patients within the first 1 to 2 weeks and reach maximum improvement in 4 to 8 weeks. Maximum improvement in FEVj and PEF rates may require 3 to 6 weeks. 

For years, psychiatric and drug abuse disorders were not even treated together. Now we know they commonly co-occur, which means for many years clients were getting only partial treatment. Even today we are still not sure how to treat these co-occurring conditions simultaneously in a consistently effective way with both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy (see Chapter 5). The next century is likely to see many advances in both pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy to treat co-occurring conditions. There are effective methods to treat drug abuse and to treat other co-occurring psychiatric disorders. The next frontier in research is to learn how to combine these approaches in a way that can treat multiple disorders at once ... 

The kidney Ca level generally increased with age in all groups and fluoride feeding did not seem to have any consistent effect on the accumulation of Ca. In young rats, however, we observed an apparent increase in kidney Ca when 200 mg/kg fluoride was fed for only 6 weeks (Table V). When the fluoride level in the diet was 50 mg/kg, however, nephrocalcinosis in young rats was found to decrease (20). 

Several in vitro tests are currently employed to assure drug product quality. These include purity, potency, assay, content uniformity, and dissolution specifications. For a pharmaceutical product to be consistently effective, it must meet all of its quality test criteria. When used as a QC test, the in vitro dissolution test provides information for marketing authorization. The dissolution test forms the basis for setting specifications (test, methodology, acceptance criteria) to allow batch release into the market place. Dissolution tests also provides a useful check on a number of physical characteristics, including particle size distribution, crystal form, etc., which may be influenced by the manufacturing procedure. In vitro dissolution tests and QC specifications should be based on the in vitro performance of the test batches used in in vivo studies or on suitable compendial specifications. For conventional-release products, a single-point dissolution... 

Perhaps the most consistent effect of cannabis is consolidation of information from short-term memory (Dornbush et al 1971 Murray 1986). In contrast, cannabis does not appear to impair access to information already in long-term memory (Parley et al. 1977 Parker et al. 1980). While cannabis and placebo groups performed equally well on a word list recognition task, the cannabis group made more false positive errors (Abel 1970, 1971). Another effect on memory reported in severeal studies is increased intrusion of irrelevant material (Abel 1970, 1971 Clark et al. 1970 Tinklenberg et al. 1970 Pfefferbaum et al. 1977). 

In animal studies of cellulose derivatives, the only consistent effect of very high doses in the feed appears to be a reduction in the nutritional value of the feed, which manifests itself as a decrease in body weight gain or an increase in food consumption. Doses up to 5000mg/kg/body weight/day or 10% in the diet, have been found to be nontoxic. 

The first issue is of practical importance there is probably no other way the required numbers of patients could be recruited. The second issue has more of a statistical basis. A multi-centre structure enables us to look at treatment differences in different centres or clusters of centres to assess whether what we are seeing is a consistent effect. Without this consistency it would be very difficult to draw conclusions about the value of the treatment across a broad patient population. 

SRls have proven to be effective in OCD both with and without depression. Other treatment modalities, such as nonserotonergic antidepressants or anxiolytics, do not appear to be consistently effective. Despite the impressive progress achieved in the clinical management of OCD, several issues await clarification, such as the length of maintenance therapy, the role of behavioral therapy and pharmacological therapy alone and in combination, and the approach to patients who are nonresponsive to treatment. Also, further research is needed to differentiate nonresponsive patients into various subgroups and apply specific techniques for each group. 

The shape-consistent (or norm-conserving ) RECP approaches are most widely employed in calculations of heavy-atom molecules though ener-gy-adjusted/consistent pseudopotentials [58] by Stuttgart team are also actively used as well as the Huzinaga-type ab initio model potentials [66]. In plane wave calculations of many-atom systems and in molecular dynamics, the separable pseudopotentials [61, 62, 63] are more popular now because they provide linear scaling of computational effort with the basis set size in contrast to the radially-local RECPs. The nonrelativistic shape-consistent effective core potential was first proposed by Durand Barthelat [71] and then a modified scheme of the pseudoorbital construction was suggested by Christiansen et al. [72] and by Hamann et al. [73]. 

Another study of the effects of I on the cardiovascular systemic concluded that, in dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, the response of blood pressure to intravenous administration of I is a resultant of two separate effects a direct myocardial stimulation that was stopped with dichlorolsoproterenol and a stimulation of vascular smooth muscle that results in a slight increase in renal arterial pressure and a slight decrease in renal arterial flow. Neither atropine nor dichlorolsoproterenol affected these vascular effects. Injections of 1 into a jugular vein or a renal artery had no consistent effect on catecholamine concentrations in plasma taken from a femoral artery or a renal vein. In seven experiments in which I at 21-35 mg/kg was injected into a jugular vein, the mean blood pressure increased from 176/125 + 22/11... 

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