Lipoprotein levels

The expected outcomes for die patient may include a dierapeutic response to dierapy (lowered blood lipid levels), management of common adverse drug reactions, and an understanding of die dietary measures necessary to reduce lipid and lipoprotein levels. 

VAN HET HOF K H, WISEMAN s A, YANG c s, TiJBURG L B M (1999) Plasma and lipoprotein levels of tea catechins following repeated tea consumption, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 220, 203-9. 

One type of hyperlipoproteinemia is characterized by elevated plasma levels of chylomicra, normal plasma levels of 3-lipoproteins, and the inability of any known drug to reduce lipoprotein levels. This is which of the following types of hyperlipoproteinemia ... 

Love RR, Newcomb PA, Wiebe DA, Surawicz TS, Jordan VC, Carbone PP, DeMets DL (1990) Effects of tamoxifen therapy on lipid and lipoprotein levels in postmenopausal patients with node-negative breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 82 1327-1332... 

The structure activity relationship (SAR) and animal model studies of biaryl benzamide MTP inhibitors 3 and 4 have also been reported. Compound 3 has an IC50 of 0.5 nM against human MTP in an in vitro assay and showed normalization of plasma lipoprotein levels in Watanabe-heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits,... 

P5. Parra, H. J., Luyeye, J., Bouramoue, C., Demarquilly, C., and Fruchart, J.-C., Black white differences in serum Lp(a) lipoprotein levels. Clin. Chim. Acta 167, 27-31 (1987). 

Treatment Various drugs are available that have different mechanisms of action and effects on LDL (cholesterol) and VLDL (triglycerides) (A). Their use is indicated in the therapy of primary hyperlipoproteinemias. In secondary hyperlipoproteinemias, the immediate goal should be to lower lipoprotein levels by dietary restriction, treatment of the primary disease, or both. 

Heparin also enhances lipoprotein lipase release (which clears plasma of circulating lipids), increases circulating free fatty acids, and reduces lipoprotein levels. Pharmacokinetics ... 

Raloxifene (Evista) is a new SERM approved for use in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis because it has estrogenic activity in bone. Raloxifene is an estrogen antagonist in both breast and endometrial tissues. The estrogenhke properties of raloxifene result in the maintenance of a favorable serum Upid profile (decreased low-density lipoprotein levels with no change in either high-density lipoproteins or triglycerides). Raloxifene is 95% bound to plasma proteins. Absorption of raloxifene is impaired by cholestyramine. 

Frederickson, W. R. Antiviral compositions comprising secoiridoids obtained from Oleaceae. Patent-PCT Int Appl -96 14,064 1996 20 pp. Carmena, R., J. F. Ascaso, G. Camejo, et al. Effect of olive and sunflower oils on low density lipoprotein level, composition, size, oxidation and interaction with arterial proteoglycans. Atherosclerosis 1996 125(2) 243-255. Yaqoob, P., J. A. Knapper, D. H. Webb, C. M. Williams, E. A. News-holme, and P. C. Calder. Effect of olive oil on immune function in middle-... 

OE188 Baggio, G., A. Pagnan, M. Muraca, et al. Olive-oil-enriched diet effect on serum lipoprotein levels and biliary... 

Liver toxicity is a rare side effect of CBZ therapy (Trimble, 1990), although a recent study reported that 9% of children on CBZ had mildly elevated aspartate aminotransferase (Camfield and Camfield, 1985). Higher mean serum total cholesterol (TC) levels, mean low-density lipoprotein level, and mean TC/high-density lipoprotein ratio have been reported in children with epilepsy treated with CBZ, compared with controls (Sozuer et ah, 1997). Conversely, an increase in serum high-density lipoproteins was reported in a smaller sample of patients treated with CBZ, and was therefore interpreted as a possible protective factor against atherosclerosis (Yalcin et ah, 1997). 

Simons LA, von Konigsmark M, Simons J, Celermajer DS. Phytoestrogens do not influence lipoprotein levels or endothelial function in healthy, postmenopausal women. Am. J. Cardiol. 85, 1297-1301, 2000. 

Monounsaturated fats Triacylglycerols containing primarily fatty acids with one double bond are referred to as monounsaturated fat. Unsaturated fatty acids are generally derived from vegetables and fish. When substituted for saturated fatty acids in the diet, monounsaturated fats lower both total plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, but increase HDLs. This ability of monounsaturated fats to favorably modify lipoprotein levels may explain, in part, the observation that Mediterranean cultures, with diets rich in olive oil (high in monounsaturated oleic acid), show a low incidence of coronary heart disease. 

Catalytic hydrogenation of vegetable oils is widely used to form harder fats and to decrease the content of polyunsaturated fatty acyl groups. The products have a greatly increased resistance to rancidity. However, they also contain fats with trans double bonds as well as isomers with double bonds in unusual positions.251 253 Such compounds may interfere with normal fatty acid metabolism and also appear to affect serum lipoprotein levels adversely. Trans fatty acids are present in some foods. One hundred grams of butter contain 4-8 g, but hydrogenated fats often contain much more. It has been estimated that in the United States trans fatty acids account for 6-8% of total dietary fat.253... 

Some people with elevated lipoprotein levels have VLDL that migrates on electrophoresis in the (3 band rather than the pre-(3 band (see Box 2-A). The presence of the (3-VLDL is associated with a high incidence of artery disease,218 which is most likely to develop in persons homozygous for a genetic variant of apolipoprotein E. The problem may arise because apo-E is required for receptor-mediated uptake of VLDL, which interacts both with tissue LDL receptors and with hepatic apo-E receptors. Genes for many of the... 

Weintraub MS, Grosskopf I, Charach G, Eckstein N, Ringel Y, Maharshak N, Rotmensch HH, Rubinstein A. Fluctuations of lipid and lipoprotein levels in hyperlipi-demic postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement therapy. Arch Intern Med 1998 158(16) 1803-6. 

Ballantyne CM, Podet EJ, Patsch WP, Harati Y, Appel V, Gotto AM Jr, Young JB. Effects of cyclosporine therapy on plasma lipoprotein levels. JAMA 1989 262(l) 53-6. 

MacMahon SW, Macdonald GJ, Blacket RB. Plasma lipoprotein levels in treated and untreated hypertensive men and women. The National Heart Foundation of Australia Risk Factor Prevalence Study. Arteriosclerosis 1985 5(4) 391-6. 

Morrisett JD, Abdel-Fattah G, Hoogeveen R, Mitchell E, Ballantyne CM, Pownall HJ, Opekun AR, Jaffe JS, Oppermann S, Kahan BD. Effects of sirolimus on plasma lipids, lipoprotein levels, and fatty acid metabolism in renal transplant patients. J Lipid Res 2002 43(8) 1170-80. 

Quantitative evidence of reversal of coronary disease was demonstrated with this regimen in three major clinical trials. Effects on lipoprotein levels are sustained, and no additional adverse effects have developed other than those encountered when the drugs are used singly. The drugs may be taken together, because niacin does not bind to the resins. LDL levels in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia are usually normalized with daily doses of up to 6.5 g of niacin with 24-30 g of resin. 

Huang TL, Chen JF. Lipid and lipoprotein levels in depressive disorders with melancholic feature or atypical feature and dysthymia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004 58 295-299. 

Menzel HJ, Boerwinkle E, Schrangl-Will S, Utermann G. Human apolipoprotein A-IV polymorphism Frequency and effect on lipid and lipoprotein levels. Hum Genet 1988 79 368-372. 

Hyperlipidemia is a condition characterized by the presence of elevated lipoprotein levels in the blood. The term hyperlipidemia encompasses a number of different conditions, but it most often refers to high levels of cholesterol in the form of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). LDL cholesterol is often called bad cholesterol. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is the good form of cholesterol. High LDL and/or low HDL levels are widely believed to be linked to increased heart disease risk. Because of the prevalence of hyperlipidemia in developed nations, antihyperlipidemic drugs are in high demand. 

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