CUTANEOUS

Ceiling value and skin absorption special measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be required. 

D. Eujimoto in A. M. Kligman and Y. Takase, eds.. Cutaneous Mging University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, Japan, 1988, pp. 263—274. 

In 1912, however, (201) it was discovered that espundia (American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis) can be cured by tartar emetic. It was soon learned that kala-a2ar (visceral leishmaniasis) and oriental sore (a cutaneous form of the disease occurring in the Middle East) also respond to antimonial therapy, especially when compounds of pentavalent antimony are employed. Treatment of leishmaniasis with the latter type of antimonials is safe and effective in over 90% of the cases (202). In 1918, it was demonstrated that tartar emetic is of value in the treatment of schistosomiasis (203). Pentavalent antimonials proved to be less effective. The introduction of antimony compounds for the treatment of parasitic diseases is undoubtedly one of the important milestones in the history of therapeutics (see Antiparasitic agents). 

Minte2ol, soluble in ethanol cutaneous larva migrans. ... 

The filariform larva found in moist soils may be either ingested or penetrate the skin of its host. It is then carried through the circulatory system to the lungs and migrates up the respiratory tree into the digestive tract. The worms feed on intestinal tissue and blood. Some worms may persist in humans as long as nine years. Infestations cause cutaneous reactions, pulmonary lesions, intestinal ulcerations, and anemia. 

Leishmaniasis affects some 12 million humans aimuaHy ia an area where 350 million are at risk. It is a complex of at least two protozoan diseases, consisting primarily of cutaneous and visceral forms. A mucocutaneous form is considered by some to be another distinct variety. Clinical manifestations of the disease range from an asymptomatic infection to an infection ia which there is considerable destmction of cutaneous tissue and mucous membranes. Leishmaniasis can often be fatal, especially ia the visceral form. The seriousness of the disease depends on the state of the immunological system of the... 

Antimony compounds have been used to treat leishmaniasis ever since tartar emetic (antimony potassium tartrate) was discovered early in the 20th century to have efficacy against the mucocutaneous form of the disease. The cutaneous form has been treated with tartar emetic formulated in an ointment. Many side effects have been seen with this trivalent antimonial, some of which can be ascribed to the difficulty of obtaining pure antimony for its manufacture. These side effects include toxicity to the heart, Hver, and kidneys. Other promising trivalent antimonials have been abandoned in favor of pentavalent antimonials with lower toxicity. 

Herpetoviridae Herpesvirus herpes types 1 and 2 ophthalmic, central nervous system, genital cutaneous, oral, upper respiratory... 

Certain halogen derivatives of 8-hydroxyquinoline have a record of therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of cutaneous fungus infections and also of amebic dysentery. Among these are 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol [130-26-7] (iodochlorhydroxyquin, Vioform), 5,7-diiodo-8-hydroxyquinoline [83-73-8] (diiodohydroxyquin), and sodium 7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonate [885-04-1] (chiniofon) (196—198). 

With the exception of epoxy resins, when a resin is fully polymerized it loses any irritant properties. However, associated materials, e.g. glass fibre used as a filler, or the dust from plywood or veneers, may promote initation. Partially-cured resins will retain some uritant properties. Traces of cutaneous or respiratory sensitizers liberated, e.g. by heating or machinery, may be problematic. 

G. Cutaneous hazards Chemicals which affect the dermal layer of the body Signs and Symptoms Defatting of the skin rashes irritation ... 

Skin" Notation-. The designation "skin" refers to the potential contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and eyes, either by airborne, or more particularly by direct, contact with the substance. Examples of such substances are phenol (cresol and cumene), hydrogen cyanide, and mercury. The "skin" notation is intended to make known the need to prevent cutaneous absorption so that the TLV is not violated. 

Cutaneous Cutaneous relates to or affects the skin. The term subcutaneous refers to being below the skin (as in a penetrating injury or injection). Use your MSDS to determine the required personal protective equipment (PPE) that you must use. Protecting the skin (with gloves, aprons, coveralls, face masks, etc.) is important. After all, the skin is the largest organ in the human body. 

Class and Definition Cutaneous hazards- affect the dermal layer (skin) of the body... 

Nasal vasculature may offer some insight into this question, though research to date has been equivocal. Nasal turbinate vessels can be classified as either capacitance vessels or resistive vessels. Capacitance vessels appear to vasodilate in response to infection while resistance vessels appear to respond to cold stimuli by vasoconstriction. Buccal vascular structures also respond to thermal stimuli but appear to respond principally to cutaneous stimuli. How pharyngeal and tracheobronchial submucosal vessels react to thermal stimuli is not known, though cold-induced asthma is believed to result from broncho-spasms caused by susceptible bronchial smooth muscle responding to exposure to cold dry air.- This asthmatic response suggests an inadequate vascular response to surface cooling. 

Moses, M., and Prioleau, P. Ct. (1985). Cutaneous histologic findings in chemical workers with and without chloracne with past exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-/i-d oxin. i.. 4m. Acad. Dermatol. 12, 497-506. 

Another difficulty comes from the consideration of the route of entry (sf the contaminant, as chemicals can enter the body by various routes and the human body responds to the action of a toxic agent primarily on the basis of the rate and route of exposure. Without any doubt, the most important route of exposure at the workplace is inhalation, and this should be the route used to set OELs. However, if there is a threat of significant exposure by other routes, such as cutaneously (including mucous membranes and the eyes), either by contact with vapors or by direct skin contact w ith the substance, additional recommendations may be necessary. 

Chloro-oxazolo[4,5-/i]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester was the most active compound in tests for inhibitors of antigen-induced release of histamine in vitro from rat peritoneal mast cells (IC50 of 0.3 p,M) and as inhibitors of IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the rat (ED50 (intraperitoneal) of 0.1 mg/kg in dose 0.5 mg/kg as an inhibitor of the test)—10 times and 60 times more potent, respectively, than the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid (85JMC1255). 

Reaction of 2-aminoquinoline derivatives with BrCH2C0C02Et gave imidazoquinoline-2-carboxylate 473 which upon hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide gave the corresponding acid which had been tested against the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (78GEP2802493, 78BEP858605) (Scheme 79). 

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