Disease cutaneous

Lee LA, Farris AD. Photosensitivity diseases cutaneous lupus erythematosus, J. Investig Dermatol Symp Proc.,. 4, 73, 1999. 

Bazex A, Geraud J, Guilhem A, Dupre A, Rascol A, Cantala P. Maladie de Dupont et Lachapelle (thesaurismose cutanee par polyvinylpyrrolidone. [Dupont-Lachapelle disease (cutaneous thesaurismosis due to polyvinylpyrrolidone).] Arch Belg Dermatol Syphiligr 1966 22(4) 227-33. 

Photosensitivity. Skin reddening due to an abnormal reaction to sunlight. A characteristic symptom of systemic autoimmune diseases (e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed connective tissue disease), cutaneous and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. 

Inteimediate-and high-grade NHL Waldenstrom s macroglobulinemia Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Acute prolymphocytic leukemia Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Hodgkin s disease Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma Colon cancer and other solid tumors... 

CLINICAL DISEASE Cutaneous Anthrax Inhalational Anthrax... 

Azathioprine, an immunosuppressant, is widely used in transplantation and autoimmune diseases cutaneous reactions to it are rare (Soni and Sherertz 1996). Two pharmaceutical workers have been described who had a contact allergy to azathioprine the role of impurities, such as mercatopurine and chloro-methylnitroimidazole, could not be elucidated (Burden and Beck 1992). 

In 1912, however, (201) it was discovered that espundia (American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis) can be cured by tartar emetic. It was soon learned that kala-a2ar (visceral leishmaniasis) and oriental sore (a cutaneous form of the disease occurring in the Middle East) also respond to antimonial therapy, especially when compounds of pentavalent antimony are employed. Treatment of leishmaniasis with the latter type of antimonials is safe and effective in over 90% of the cases (202). In 1918, it was demonstrated that tartar emetic is of value in the treatment of schistosomiasis (203). Pentavalent antimonials proved to be less effective. The introduction of antimony compounds for the treatment of parasitic diseases is undoubtedly one of the important milestones in the history of therapeutics (see Antiparasitic agents). 

Leishmaniasis affects some 12 million humans aimuaHy ia an area where 350 million are at risk. It is a complex of at least two protozoan diseases, consisting primarily of cutaneous and visceral forms. A mucocutaneous form is considered by some to be another distinct variety. Clinical manifestations of the disease range from an asymptomatic infection to an infection ia which there is considerable destmction of cutaneous tissue and mucous membranes. Leishmaniasis can often be fatal, especially ia the visceral form. The seriousness of the disease depends on the state of the immunological system of the... 

Antimony compounds have been used to treat leishmaniasis ever since tartar emetic (antimony potassium tartrate) was discovered early in the 20th century to have efficacy against the mucocutaneous form of the disease. The cutaneous form has been treated with tartar emetic formulated in an ointment. Many side effects have been seen with this trivalent antimonial, some of which can be ascribed to the difficulty of obtaining pure antimony for its manufacture. These side effects include toxicity to the heart, Hver, and kidneys. Other promising trivalent antimonials have been abandoned in favor of pentavalent antimonials with lower toxicity. 

Inflammatory and immune diseases Autoimmune disease (A,I), asthma (A), osteoarthritis (I), rheumatoid arthritis (I), septic shock (A,I), infections (A,I), familial cold auto-inflammatory syndrome (I), Muckle Wells syndrome (I), chronic infantile neurological cutaneous and articular syndrome/neonatal onset multisystemic inflammatory disease (CINCA/NOMID) (I), Crohn s disease (I), gout (I), acute renal failure (A,l)... 

P. acnes is an anaerobic diphteroid that populates the androgen-stimulated sebaceous follicles and is a normal constituent of the cutaneous microflora even if acne is not infectious, the commensal P. acnes acts in acne pathogenesis. Three pieces of evidence support the role of P. acnes in acne 1) higher counts of P. acnes in individuals with acne than in those without acne 2) correlation between the reduction of P. acnes counts and the clinical improvement of the disease and 3) correlation between development of acne and presence of antibiotic-resistant P. acnes organisms. P. acnes products mediate the formation of comedones and contribute to their rupture, leading to extrusion of... 

PIH can be observed after endogenous or exogenous inflammatory conditions. Essentially any disease with cutaneous inflammation can potentially result in PIH in individuals capable of producing melanin. Several skin disorders such as acne, atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, incontinenti pigmenti, lichen planus, lupus erythematosus, and morphea have PIH as a predominant feature. Exogenous stimuli,both... 

Mastocytosis is recognized in most patients because of the presence of characteristic cutaneous lesions [10]. A positive Darier s sign and/or histological examination of the skin using metachromatic stains, or by immunohistochemistry using antibodies to mast cell tryptase, helps confirm the diagnosis of cutaneous disease. 

Tinea infections are second only to acne in frequency of reported skin disease.35 The common tinea infections are tinea pedis, tinea corporis, and tinea cruris. Tinea pedis, the most prevalent cutaneous fungal infection, afflicts more than 25 million people annually in the United States. 

Diseases which will probably be subject to control by insecticides but have not yet been adequately tested include sandfly fever, dengue, urban yellow fever, bartonellosis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, filariasis, trench fever, and louse-born relapsing fever. Some of the virus encephalitides. sleeping sickness, and visceral leishmaniasis may also be susceptible of control. 

S. Dikstein and A. Zlotogorsky, Skin surface hydrogen ion concentration (pH), in Cutaneous Investigation in Health and Disease — Non-Invasive Methods and Instrumentation (J.L. Leveque, ed.), pp. 59-62. Marcel Dekker, New York (1989). 

Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency is characterized by a massive accumulation of chylomicrons and a corresponding increase in plasma triglycerides or a type I lipoprotein pattern. Presenting manifestations include repeated attacks of pancreatitis and abdominal pain, eruptive cutaneous xanthomatosis, and hepatosplenomegaly beginning in childhood. Symptom severity is proportional to dietary fat intake, and consequently to the elevation of chylomicrons. Accelerated atherosclerosis is not associated with this disease. 

Hydroxyurea inhibits cell synthesis in the S phase of the DNA cycle. It is used selectively in the treatment of psoriasis, especially in those with liver disease who would be at risk of adverse effects with other agents. However, it is less effective than methotrexate. The typical dose is 1 g/day, with a gradual increase to 2 g/day as needed and as tolerated. Adverse effects include bone marrow toxicity with leukopenia or thrombocytopenia, cutaneous reactions, leg ulcers, and megaloblastic anemia. 

Cyclosporine is not recommended for Crohn s disease except for patients with symptomatic and severe perianal or cutaneous fistulas. The dose of cyclosporine is important in determining efficacy. An oral dose of 5 mg/kg/ day was not effective, whereas 7.9 mg/kg/day was effective. However, toxic effects limit application of the higher dosage. Dosage should be guided by cyclosporine whole-blood concentrations. 

Cryptococcemia wilh positive serum antigen titer (>1 8), cutaneous infection, a positive urine culture, or prostatic disease Recurrent or progressive disease not responsive to amphotericin B Isolated pulmonary disease (without evidence of CNS infection) Clinician must decide whether to follow the pulmonary therapeutic regimen or the CNS (disseminated) regimen Amphotericin Brf IV 0.5-0.75 mj kj day intrathecal amphotericin B 0.5 mg 2-3 times weekly Mild to moderate symptoms or asymptomatic with a positive pulmonary specimen Fluconazole 200-400 mg orally daily x lifelong or Itraconazole 200-400 mg orally daily x lifelong or... 

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