Leishmania cutaneous

Al-Abdely HM, et al. Efficacies of KY62 against Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania donovani in experimental murine cutaneous leishmaniasis and visceral leishmaniasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998 42 2542. 

The flagellate leishmania is transmitted to humans by the bite of the female sandfly of the genus Phlebotomus. Three principal diseases result from infection with Leishmania spp. L. donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) L. tropica and L. major produce cutaneous leishmaniasis, and L. braziliensis causes South American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. In visceral leishmaniasis, the protozoan parasitizes the reticuloendothelial cells, and this results in an enlargement of the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen the spleen can become massive. Cutaneous leishmaniasis remains localized to the site of inoculation, where it forms a raised disfiguring ulcerative lesion. South American leishmaniasis is variable in its presentation. It is characterized by ulceration of the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and pharynx some disfiguring skin involvement also is possible. 

In a prospective, open trial, conventional treatment with sodium stibogluconate (n = 69) was compared with meglumine antimoniate (n = 58) for cutaneous Leishmania braziliensis (13). The trial was too small and of too short a duration to compare efficacy rehably, but... 

Thrombocytopenia has been reported in a patient with Leishmania donovani infection and AIDS after stibogluconate therapy for 7 days (SEDA-13, 838). There have been two further reports, one involving a patient with cutaneous leishmaniasis (occurring after 19 days of treatment), the second a man with kala-azar (who became thombocytopenic 11 days after starting therapy) in kala-azar a low platelet count is common and the count normally rises with treatment (SEDA-18, 294). 

Alrajhi AA, Ibrahim EA, De Vol EB, Khairat M, Faris RM, Maguire JH. Fluconazole for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major. N Engl J Med 2002 346(12) 891-5. 

Leishmaniasis is the term used for diseases caused by species of the genus Leishmania that are transmitted by the bite of infected sandflies. The lesions of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis are... 

The potential therapeutic effect of berbamine (10, 25, and 50 pg/ml)(and thirteen other bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids) against the protozoan disease leishmaniasis was studied by biological assays on in vitro culture forms of three strains of Leishmania L. brasiliensis brasiliensis (cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis), L. mexicana amazonensis (cutaneous), and L. donovani (visceral leishmaniasis). Berbamine was found to inhibit the growth of all three types to differing degrees, but was not as active as daphnandrine, gyrocarpine, or obaberine [194]. 

In the adult, both the cutaneous and mucocutaneous forms of leishmaniasis [Leishmania braziliensis and L. mexicana) are treated with stibogluconate. An alternative drug for the visceral form is amphotericin B. 

Pearson RD, De Queiroz Souza A, Jeronimo SMB. Leishmania species Visceral (kala-azar), cutaneous, and mucosal leishmaniasis. In Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 5th ed. New York, Churchill-Livingstone, 2000 2831-2845. 

Leishmania braziliensis Leishmaniasis Differentiation of cutaneous and sylvatic types L4... 

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is characterized by one or more slowly healing superficial ulcers that may be painful. These lesions are liable to further infection and may remain as open sores or become hard, wartlike nodules. The form of cutaneous leishmaniasis referred to as New Wodd disease is caused by species of the Leishmania (Viannia) bra iliensis complex (L bra liensis, L gujanensis, L panamanesis, and L peruviana) and species of the Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana complex (L mexicana, L ama onensis, and L vene uelensis) in the western hemisphere. Old World disease (oriental sore, Delhi or Baghdad boil) is caused by Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major m. Asia, Africa, and southern Europe, and Leishmania aethiopica, restricted to eastern Africa. The incubation period for cutaneous leishmaniasis ranges from a few weeks to several months. Spontaneous cures can take place in a period ranging from one month to several years. 

D. Rodriguez, R. Heljasvaara, P. Lucas, V. Lar-raga, and M. Esteban (2002) A heterologous prime-boost regime using DNA and recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the Leishmania infantum P36/LACK antigen protects BALB/c mice from cutaneous leishmaniasis. Vaccine 20 1226-1231. 

Cryptotanshinone is a quinoid diterpene with a nor-abietane skeleton isolated from roots of the Iranian medicinal plant Perouskia abronatoides L. which exhibited leishmanicidal activity in vitro. These findings provide a rationale for the traditional use of the roots in Iran as a constituent of poultices for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis [199], More recently, Valderrama et al. [200] synthesized several eurylfurylquinones and hydroquinones from activated monosubstituted 1,4-benzoquinones and studied their in vitro activities against Leishmania amazonensis. 

ANTIPROTOZOAL EFFECTS Miltefosine is the first orally available therapy for leishmaniasis. It is safe and effective treatment for visceral leishmaniasis and has also shown >95% efficacy against cutaneous leishmaniasis. In Leishmania, the drug may alter ether-lipid metabohsm, ceU signaling, or glycosylphosphatidylinosital anchor biosynthesis. Mutations in a P-type ATPase of the aminophospholipid translocase subfamily apparently decrease drug uptake and thereby confer resistance. 

Leishmania, parasitic protozoa transmitted by flesh-eating flies, cause various diseases ranging from cutaneous or mucocutaneous lesions to splenic and hepatic enlargement with fever. Soilium stibogluconate (pentavalent antimony), the primary drug in all forms of the disease, appears to kill the parasite by inhibition of glycolysis or effects on nucleic acid metabolism. Alternative agents include pentamidine (for visceral leishmaniasis), metronidazole (for cutaneous lesions), and amphotericin B (for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis). 

Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by a number of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. The protozoa may be harbored in diseased rodents, canines, and various other mammals and transmitted from the infected mammal to man by bites from female sandflies of the genus Phlehotomus and then appears in one of four major clinical syndromes visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, or diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. 

Reithinger R, Mohsen M, Aadil K ct al. Antfatoptmotic cutaneous leishmania, Kabul, A%hanistan. Emetg Infect Db 2003 9(6) 727-9. 

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