Hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide

Reaction of 2-aminoquinoline derivatives with BrCH2C0C02Et gave imidazoquinoline-2-carboxylate 473 which upon hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide gave the corresponding acid which had been tested against the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (78GEP2802493, 78BEP858605) (Scheme 79). 

Step 1 Benzylpenicillin is first converted to the corresponding penicilloic acid (a dicarboxylic acid) by carrying out the hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide solution, as follows ... 

Trichloromethyl keto derivatives 382 (Scheme 78, Section 5.1.1) undergo hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide in aqueous THF to produce acids in overall yields of 60-70%. Coupling of the acids with amines leads directly to amides 383 in 80-90% yield (2000BMCL783). 

Active methylene anions also displace the 5-halogen substituent for example, the 5-chloro derivative (152) (X = Cl) reacts with the sodium salt of ethyl acetoacetate to give (90) (R = Et) which is readily hydrolyzed and decarboxylated (Scheme 22) <82M793>. The 5-chloro substituent in (152) (X = Cl) is also readily displaced by the lithium enolate of 3-(methoxycarbonyl)quinuclidine (153) to give (154) which on hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide and then decarboxylation with hydrochloric... 

Pyranylidene oxazolone 347 gives 95% of 2,6-diphenyl-4-formyl-4ff-pyran (348a) by successive hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid, as shown in Eq. (17).331,332 The already mentioned, trans-... 

The preceding acid when boiled with an excess of acetic anhydride containing some anhydrous potassium acetate and the excess of acetic anhydride removed, yields an acetyl compound, sparingly soluble in organic solvents. Hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide yields 3-hydroxy-selenonaphthene, consisting of colourless silky- needles, M.pt. 76° to 77° C. This resembles hydroxythionaphthene in its properties. 

The aziridine 8 gave the 4,5-dihydro-l/Z-imidazole by treatment with sodium iodide successive hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide afforded the vicinal diamine 9. 

The MNK rearrangement proceeded smoothly to furnish S-aryl dimethyl-thiocarbamate. A temperature of 280 °C was necessary for clean conversion. Eventual hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide and acidification with dilute acid chloride promoted the cyclisation to thiocoumarin 83. 

Soaps are used in virtually every household every day. Basic soap is produced by the saponification (hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide) of animal or vegetable fats and has little toxicity. Soaps commonly used, however, contain additives to give them deodorant and antimicrobial properties. Such soaps may contain chloroxylenol, phenol, triclosan, methylisothiazolinone (MIT), and other toxicants that are released into water streams)40 ... 

Thus, addition of one equivalent of bromine to a solution of l,2-bis(trimethylsiloxy)cy-clobutenes in dichloromethane at — 10°C, followed by hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate, gave after acidification, the 1-hydroxycyclopropane-carboxylic acids 8 (R = H) in high yields (80-100%). The hydrolysis can be performed with ice-water alone, but more slowly. 

The acetyl groups, however, must be removed by hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide solution because they are comparatively bulky side chains which would keep apart the orientated cellulosic molecules and prevent hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals forces from giving coherence to the structure. Fortisan has a dry strength of 8 g per denier, falling to 64 g when wet. 

Specimen preparation for cannabinoid testing frequently includes a hydrolysis step to free cannabinoids from their glucuronide conjugates. Most GC/MS confirmation procedures in urine measure total THCCOOH following either an enzymatic hydrolysis with //-glucuronidase, or more commonly, an alkaline hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide. Alkaline hydrolysis appears to efficiently hydrolyze the ester THCCOOH glucuronide linkage. 

Ethyl /3-D-glucofuranoside164 was obtained by the reaction of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-a-D-glucopyranose 5,6-carbonate with ethanol in the presence of hydrogen chloride, followed by hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide. 

The 4-aminopteridine 3-oxide (313) can be prepared from the pyrazine (312) and is converted to the hydroxyaminopteridine (314) by refluxing in water. Hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide results... 

Hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide transforms 5,5,6,7,7-pentamethyl-l,2,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-imidazo[3,4-h][l,2,4]oxadiazole-2-thione (117) to the corresponding l//-imidazole (118) (Equation... 

Esters.—The methods for the qualitative identification of esters are described in section 173. Esters yield on hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide an alcohol and the sodium salt of an acid. 

N-Benzylacetamide is prepared by the acetylation of benzylamine, whieh on treatment with ehlorosulfonic aeid at 15-20°C yields/ -benzylacetamido sulphonyl ehloride. This on amination gives the eorresponding sulfonamide derivative, which upon hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide and subsequent neutralization with aeetie aeid yields mafenide. 

Eqn. (6) depicts the hydrolysis of compound (I) in the presence of aluminium chloride and benzene followed by refluxing for two hours and subsequently carrying out the hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide solution to give a corresponding phenol (II) i.e., 2, 3-dichloro-4-(2-thiophen carbonyl)-phenol plus one mole of methanol gets eliminated. 

C9H6O2) A colorless crystalline compound with a pleasant odor, used in making perfumes. On hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide it forms coumarinic acid. 

Lightly cross-linked polyacrylamide is used to make superabsorbents of water. Astarch-g-polyacryla-mide/clay superabsorbent composite has been synthesized [27] by graft copolymerization reaction of acrylamide, potato starch, and kaolinite micropowder (< 1 pm) followed by hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide. Such a superabsorbent of compositin 20% kaolinite, 20% potato starch, 60% acrylamide, 2% initiator (ceric amonium nitrate), and 0.04% cross-linker (N,N-methylenebisacrylamide) is found to absorb 2250 g H20/g at room temperature at swelling equilibrium. 

This oxidation can be exploited to region-selectively oxygenate the a positions of the ring when the oxide is dissolved in refluxing acetic anhydride followed by hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide. This alcohol can then tautomerize to form the amide. 

Stearic acid ste- ar-ik (1831) (octadecanoic acid) n. CH3(CH2)i6COOH. A saturated organic fatty acid obtained by the hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide (saponification) of beef tallow. Mp, 69°C bp, 29°C per lOOmmHg. The salts, amides, and esters of this acid have long played important roles in the realm of plastics as lubricants, slip agents, and plasticizers, and stearic acid itself is present in numerous plastics compounds. 

To attach heparin to poly(ether-urethanes) Kim et al. created amine functionality in the polymers by hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide subsequent reaction with phosgene converted amino into isocyanate groups which could then be coupled to the carboxyl groups in heparin. Obviously this procedure must result in some degradation of the poly(ether-urethane). 

The insecticide carbaryl (1-naphthyl-A-methylcarbamate, Figure 7.4) has been measured on filter paper exposed during aerial spraying using an ODS-modified silica column and ED (GCE, +0.75 V vs Ag/AgCl) after pre-column alkaline hydrolysis to 1-naphthol. The eluent was acetonitrile-acetic acid-aq. potassium chloride (0.5 mol L ) (50 + 1 + 49). 2-Naphthol was the internal standard. Postcolumn hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide of carbaryl and some other A -methyl-carbamate pesticides has also been employed in measuring crop residues of these compounds. The analytical column used was octyl-modified silica. Elution was... 

The dependence of m with temperature is for example m=a for dissolution of metals with acids or the action of drugs in muscles, m=cT for decompx)sition of dibromosuocinic acid, m=bT- for ethyl acetate hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide. In most of the cases m results constant, but Harcourt and Esson admitted that in some cases this does not happen, contradicting their hypothesis. 

Hydrolysis of primary alkyl halides with aqueous alkali follows S 2 mechanism. For example, methyl chloride undergoes hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide following second order kinetics. 

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