Protozoan diseases

Protozoa Protozoacide Protozoal infections Protozoan diseases Prot. rettgeri Prot. rettgeri 120 Protriptyline [438-60-8]... 

Leishmaniasis affects some 12 million humans aimuaHy ia an area where 350 million are at risk. It is a complex of at least two protozoan diseases, consisting primarily of cutaneous and visceral forms. A mucocutaneous form is considered by some to be another distinct variety. Clinical manifestations of the disease range from an asymptomatic infection to an infection ia which there is considerable destmction of cutaneous tissue and mucous membranes. Leishmaniasis can often be fatal, especially ia the visceral form. The seriousness of the disease depends on the state of the immunological system of the... 

Modulators of Histoue Modifying Enzymes and Protozoan Diseases... 

Thus far, in vitro and animal studies have confirmed IL-12 s ability to enhance many immunological functions. Leishmaniasis is a common protozoan disease in tropical/subtropical regions, including Africa, India, Central and South America and Southern Europe. Animal studies have shown that IL-12 administration initiates a strong ThI-mediated immune response in infected mice, effective in combating the disease and conferring future immunity. 

My final topic on in-feed agents is a major problem in the broiler industry. Coccidiosis is a protozoan disease of poultry caused by various Eimeria spp. It is highly prevalent in the intensive rearing conditions common in North America and Western Europe. In fact, such intensive rearing would not be possible without effective anticoccidials. 

Control Usually controlled by natural enemies (blister beetle larvae, ground beetles, predatory flies, birds, parasitic nematodes, fungal dieases) cultivate fields in fall to kill overwintering eggs aerial sprays of commercial protozoan disease Nosema locmtae) may be effective over large areas but is not useful on a home-garden scale. 

Unlike most other types of infection, protozoan diseases are often chronic, lasting for months to years. When associated with a strong host immune response, this type of long-term infection is apt to result in a high incidence of immunopathology. Until recently the importance of host immune response in controlling many parasite infections was not fully appreciated, but the impact of HIV infection on many parasitic diseases has highlighted this relationship. 

The potential therapeutic effect of berbamine (10, 25, and 50 pg/ml)(and thirteen other bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids) against the protozoan disease leishmaniasis was studied by biological assays on in vitro culture forms of three strains of Leishmania L. brasiliensis brasiliensis (cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis), L. mexicana amazonensis (cutaneous), and L. donovani (visceral leishmaniasis). Berbamine was found to inhibit the growth of all three types to differing degrees, but was not as active as daphnandrine, gyrocarpine, or obaberine [194]. 

Diabetes, hypertension, tranquilizer and treatment of madness (antipsychotic) Diabetes, malaria, pyrexia, pneumonia, anti-inflammatory agent and analgesics, protozoan diseases and insect repellant Good health tonics, stomach troubles, skin problems and diabetes... 

This chapter discusses the major parasitic diseases, including protozoan diseases (amebiasis, malaria), helminthic infections (as-cariasis, enterobiasis), and ectoparasitic infestations (head and body lice). Emphasis is placed on diseases seen more frequently in the... 

Infections with protozoa are not common in the United Kingdom, but are responsible for many deaths and ill health worldwide. Examples of protozoan diseases are malaria and toxoplasmosis. 

Wolf, A. and Cowen, D. (1937). Granulomatous encephalomyelitis due to an encephalito-zoon (encephalitozic ancephalomyelitis) A new protozoan disease of man. Bull. Neurol. Inst. NY. 6,306-335. 

For several other protozoan diseases there is adequate chemotherapy the 5-nitroimidazoles (for example, metronidazole) for the treatment of amoebiasis, giardiasis and trichomoniasis, the hydroxy-naphthoquinone bupravaquone for theileriosis in cattle and other ungulates, and the polyene ionophores (for example monensin, lasalocid, narasin and salinomycin) for the prophylaxis of avian coccidiosis. However, improved therapies are required for some opportunistic parasites that cause disease in immunocompromised humans. Paromomycin and nitazoxanide have some effect in the treatment of cryptosporidiosis and albendazole appears to be effective for microsporidiosis caused by Encephalitizoon intestinalis. 

EA Stec, The Chemotherapy of Protozoan Diseases, Vols. I-IV, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Washington D C. (1971). 

Malaria is still one of the most prevalent protozoan diseases in the world. The mosquito infects the human and the parasite passes through two phases. The tissue phase causes no clinical symptoms in the human and the erythrocytic phase invades red blood cells and causes chills, fever, and sweating. In the United States the 1000 cases reported annually are almost all from international travel. Quinine was the only antimalarial drug from 1820 to the early 1940s when synthetic antimalarial drugs were developed. Chloroquine is commonly prescribed. If drug resistance develops quinine is used in combination with an antibiotic such as tetracycline. 

Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falcipamm (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chiUs, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [nih]... 

Babesiosis A protozoan disease caused by the Apicomplexan Babesia microti and other species of Babesia. 

BECKER p, EECKHAUT I, YCAZA R H, MERCIER A and HAMEL J-F (2009) Protozoan disease in larval culture of the edible sea cucumber Isostichopus fuscus, in Harris L G, Bottger S A, Walker C W and Lesser M P (eds), Echinoderms Durham. London CRC Press, 571-573. 

B. Kapes, I. Tews, A. Binter, and P. Macheroux. PLP-dependent enzymes as potential drug targets for protozoan diseases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1814 1567-1576 (2011). 

An application of Suzuki coupling for the synthesis of diospyrin, a potential agent against Leishmaniasis and related parasitic protozoan diseases is shown in figure 18 (65). 

TABLE 5.7 Selected Waterborne Bacterial and Protozoan Diseases, Their Agents, Symptoms, and ... 

E. A. Steck Chemotherapy of Protozoan Diseases Walter Reed (1960). 

Antiprotozoal Agents - The chemotherapy of protozoan diseases was comprehensively reviewed. The Abstracts of the Ninth International Congress on Tropical Medicine and Malaria contain many articles on protozoan and helminthic diseases. Many aspects of parasite biochemistry and drug action were presented at a recent meeting and have been published.3... 

B. A. Steck, "The Chemotherapy of Protozoan Diseases," Vol I-IV, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. 

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