Sulfur mustard cutaneous injury

Renshaw, B. Mechanisms in production of cutaneous injuries by sulfur and nitrogen mustards. IN Chemical Warfare Agents, and Related Chemical Problems, 2 vol. (Summary Technical Report of Division 9, National Defense Research Cornmittee.) Washington, D.C. U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development. 1946. p. 479-518. 

Casillas, R.P., Kiser, R.C. (2000). Therapeutic approaches to dermatotoxicity by sulfurmustard. I. Modulaton of sulfur mustard-induced cutaneous injury in the mouse ear vesicant model. J. Appl. Toxicol. 20, Suppl. 1 SI45-51. 

Bahru, M., Ricketts, K., Gazaway, M., Lee, R., Sweeney, R., Brozetti, J. (2004). A comhination drug treatment against ocular sulfur mustard injury. J. Toxicol. Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol. 23(1) 65-75. 

Casillas, R.P., Mitcheltree, L.W., Stemler, F.W. (1997). The mouse ear model of cutaneous sulfur mustard injury. Toxicol. Methods 7 381-97. 

Dachir, S., Fishheine, E., Meshulam, Y., Sahar, R., Amir, A., Kadar, T. (2002). Potential anti-inflammatory treatments against cutaneous sulfur mustard injury using the mouse ear vesicant model. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 21 197-203. 

Graham, J.S., Chilcott, R.P., Rice, P., Milner, S.M., Hurst, C.G., Maliner, B.I. (2005). Wound healing of cutaneous sulfur mustard injuries strategies for the development of improved therapies. J. Bums Wounds 4 el. 

Kiser, R.C., Moore, D.M. et al. (2001). Dose response modulation of cutaneous sulfur mustard injury. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology, Vol. 60. Oxford University Press, San Francisco, CA, 618 pp. 

Marlow, D.D., Mershon, M.M., Mitcheltree, L.W., Petrali, J.P., Jaax, G.P. (1990b). Sulfur mustard-induced skin injury in hairless guinea pigs. J. Toxicol. Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol. 9 179-92. 

Reid, F.M., Niemuth, N.A., Shumaker, S.M., Waugh, J.A., Graham, J.S. (2007). Biomechanical monitoring of cutaneous sulfur mustard-induced lesions in the weanling pig model for depth of injury. Skin Res. Technol. 13(2) 217-25. 

Ruff, A.L., Dillman, J.F. (2007). Signaling molecules in sulfur mustard-induced cutaneous injury. Eplasty 8 e2. 

Central nervous system and cardiac anomalies have only been seen after extremely high doses of sulfur mustard and usually only in laboratory settings with animal models. Mustard gas casualties from the Iran-Iraq War (1979-1980) treated in Europe did not display severe central nervous system or cardiac abnormalities (Willems, 1989). On the other hand, persistent damage to the afferent nerve system was a common finding in patients suffering cutaneous mustard injuries (Thomsen, Eriksen, Smit-Nielsen, 1998). 

Renshaw B (1946). Mechanisms in production of cutaneous injuries by sulfur and nitrogen mustards. In Summary Technical Report of Division 9, NDRC,... 

Henriques FC Jr, Moritz AR, Breyfogle HS, Paterson LA. The mechanism of cutaneous injury by mustard gas An experimental study using mustard prepared with radioactive sulfur. In Chemical Warfare Agents, and Related Chemical Problems. Parts 3-6. Washington, DC Office of Scientific Research and Development, National Defense Research Committee, Div 9 1946. 

Casillas, R.P., Kiser, R.C., 2000. Therapeutic approaches to dermatotoxicity by sulfurmustard. I. Modulation of sulfur mustard-induced cutaneous injury in the mouse ear vesicant model. J. Appl. Toxicol. 20 (Suppl. 1), S145-S151. Coleman, K., 2005. A History of Chemical Warfare. Macmillan, New York, NY. Fitzgerald, G.J., 2008. Chemical warfare and medical response during World War I. Am. J. Public Health 98 (4), 611-625. 

Ruff, A.L., Jarecke, A.J., Hilber, D.J., et al., 2013. Development of a mouse model for sulfur mustard-induced ocular injury and long-term clinical analysis of injury progression. Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol. 32 (2), 140-149. 

Graham, J.S., Stevenson, R.S., Mitcheltree, L.W., et al., 2006. Improved wound healing of cutaneous sulfur mustard injuries in a weanling pig model. J. Burns. Wounds 5, e7. 

Martens, M.E., Smith, W.J., 2008. The role of NAD+ depletion in the mechanism of sulfur mustard-induced metabolic injury. J. Toxicol. Cutaneous. Ocul. Toxicol. 27, 41-53. 

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