Thermal stimulus

Nasal vasculature may offer some insight into this question, though research to date has been equivocal. Nasal turbinate vessels can be classified as either capacitance vessels or resistive vessels. Capacitance vessels appear to vasodilate in response to infection while resistance vessels appear to respond to cold stimuli by vasoconstriction. Buccal vascular structures also respond to thermal stimuli but appear to respond principally to cutaneous stimuli. How pharyngeal and tracheobronchial submucosal vessels react to thermal stimuli is not known, though cold-induced asthma is believed to result from broncho-spasms caused by susceptible bronchial smooth muscle responding to exposure to cold dry air.- This asthmatic response suggests an inadequate vascular response to surface cooling. 

Evidence in favor of such a hypothesis is given by Jurgensen et al. who have first reported the fact that an alkaloid fraction from Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC, a vine used by Peruvian Indians to treat several diseases, given by the intraperitonneal route, dose-dependently suppressed the behavioral response to the chemical stimuli in the models indicated and increased latencies in the thermal stimuli models (33). 

Shape-memory polymers (SMPs) are a class of smart materials with the ability to change shape on demand in response to an environmental stimuli [322-325]. So far, the most commonly investigated SMPs are temperature-induced SMPs, whose shape-recovery behavior is triggered by thermal stimuli. Such SMPs have one shape at certain temperature and are converted to another shape at a different temperature (Fig. 22). Temperature-responsive SMPs usually require the combination... 

Some experiments have failed to demonstrate an effect of maternal odors on stressed offspring. The heart rate rose in rat pups removed from their home cage and placed in an unfamiliar environment this was taken as an index of fear. Tests with mothers and soiled bedding from mothers or other rat pups showed that tactile and thermal stimuli reduced fear in 16-day old pups, but olfactory cues from the mother or odors from the home cage did not (Siegel et ah, 1988). 

The uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine has been available for clinical use as an anaesthetic for 40 years (Domino et al. 1965). Ketamine is effective in various animal models of hyperalgesia and allodynia and has been reported to have antinociceptive effects in some of these models at doses devoid of obvious side-effects. Others, however, have reported that the effects of ketamine are only seen at doses producing ataxia (see Parsons 2001 for review). Ketamine reportedly inhibits the area of secondary hyperalgesia induced by chemical (Park et al. 1995) or thermal stimuli (Ilkjaer et al. 1996 Warncke et al. 1997) and inhibits temporal siunmation of repeated mechanical (Warncke et al. 1997) and electrical stimuli (Arendtnielsen et al. 1995 Andersen et al. 

The answer is c. (Hardman, p 527. Katzung, p 516.) Naloxone is a pure opioid antagonist at the (1, K, and 5 receptors. j,-receptor stimulation causes analgesia, euphoria, decreased gastrointestinal (Gl) activity, miosis, and respiratory depression. K-receptor stimulation causes analgesia, dysphoria, and psychotomimetic effects. 5-receptor stimulation is not fully understood in humans, but is associated with analgesia and antinociception for thermal stimuli. 

Keywords Liquid crystal Mechanical stimuli Phase transition Photoluminescence Stimuli-responsive liquid crystal Thermal stimuli... 

In general, the photoluminescent properties of molecular assemblies depend on their assembled structures [21], Therefore, controlling the structures of molecular assemblies with external stimuli leads to the development of stimuli-responsive luminescent materials. Recently, some photoluminescent materials showing stimuli-responsive properties have been reported [11, 21-34]. However, the number of stimuli-responsive photoluminescent liquid crystals is still limited [11, 21, 28-34], Here we focus on mechano- and thermochromic photoluminescent mesomorphic materials. As the first topic, we focus on LC materials that change their photoluminescent colors by mechanical and/or thermal stimuli. We then describe another... 

The Siphonaptera is another group where a volatile sex pheromone is yet to be demonstrated, although a contact sex pheromone has been demonstrated in preliminary experiments (Ralph Charlton, personal communication). The source and nature of this contact pheromone is yet to be deciphered. Fleas have been speculated to use a certain wavelength of light, C02, and visual and thermal stimuli for host localization, as traps that present these kinds of stimuli seem to be effective in trapping fleas (Benton and Lee, 1965 Osbrink and Rust, 1985 Dryden and Broce, 1993). 

Becerra, L., Breiter, H. C., Wise, R., Gonzalez, R. G., and Borsook, D. (2001). Reward circuitry activation by noxious thermal stimuli. Neuron 32, 927—946. 

Furthermore, Fu et al.140 developed a transport system that responds to thermal stimuli. This system is based on chains of poly-iV-isopropylacrylamide (a known thermosensitive polymer), which exists in a collapsed, hydrophobic state when exposed to heat, but in an expanded, hydrophilic state in the cold. In this way, samples of mesoporous, spherical silica particles (particle diameter 10 p,m) that were lined and coated with the thermosensitive polymer by atom transfer radical polymerization... 

The explosive properties of the compound TX differ considerably from those Of trinitrotoluene. Its explosive power is much lower than that of trinitrotoluene, which may be explained by the smaller number of the nitro groups present. Both T acid itself, and also its salts, are much more sensitive to mechanical and thermal stimuli than trinitrotoluene. 

Irrespective of whether chemical, mechanical, or thermal stimuli are involved, they become significantly more effective in the presence of prostaglandins (p.196). 

Testing the response of solid, liquid or pasty substances to impact, friction and thermal stimuli is required in various standards such as EEC, Official Journal of the European Communities as well as UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, 13.4.2 Test 3(a)(ii) BAM drop hammer. 

Processes where the constitution of intermediate (if any) and final states (molecules) of the device does not differ from that of the initial molecule. The initial molecule is converted into a new conformation or configuration and this results in a molecular motion. There is no constitutional change and no addition or elimination of any chemical species. There are included, for example, configurational changes induced by photochemical or thermal stimuli (see, for example [77]), or conformational changes induced by external fields (see, for example [27,29]) ... 

Wormser, U., Brodsky, B., Green, B.S., Arad-Yellin, R., Nyska, A. (2000a). Protective effect of povidone iodine ointment against skin lesions induced by chemical and thermal stimuli. J. Appl. Toxicol. 20 S183-5. 

The nerves affected by the k mechanism are those related to pain induced by non-thermal stimuli. This is not the case with the jjl receptor where all pain messages are inhibited. This suggests a different distribution of k receptors from x receptors. 

One of the great difficulties encountered in the study of mild analgesics remains in their clinical evaluation. An experimental pain study utilizing electrical and thermal stimuli was unable to distinguish between aspirin and a place-bo67 That pathological pain studies are also not wholly the answer was revealed in a study by Kantor et al. ... 

In many detonators lead azide is found in both the priming mixture and the initiator and is followed by a secondary explosive such as PETN, RDX, or HMX. In those items that respond to mechanical stimuli, a firing pin is driven into the primer, igniting it. The flame (or blast) from the primer spreads to the azide, which builds up to a detonation and in turn initiates the secondary explosive in contact with it. A similar sequence of events occurs with explosive trains which respond to other mechanical, electrical, or thermal stimuli. The satisfactory functioning of the azide (or other energetic material) in any component or element, requires, therefore, a carefully planned sequence of response, energy release, and energy transfer within the limited dimensions of the explosive train. 

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