Leishmaniasis mucocutaneous

In 1912, however, (201) it was discovered that espundia (American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis) can be cured by tartar emetic. It was soon learned that kala-a2ar (visceral leishmaniasis) and oriental sore (a cutaneous form of the disease occurring in the Middle East) also respond to antimonial therapy, especially when compounds of pentavalent antimony are employed. Treatment of leishmaniasis with the latter type of antimonials is safe and effective in over 90% of the cases (202). In 1918, it was demonstrated that tartar emetic is of value in the treatment of schistosomiasis (203). Pentavalent antimonials proved to be less effective. The introduction of antimony compounds for the treatment of parasitic diseases is undoubtedly one of the important milestones in the history of therapeutics (see Antiparasitic agents). 

Certain species of the D bra liensis complex may cause mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, a form seen most frequently in northern and central South America. The patient first develops skin infections which later metastasize to produce highly disfiguring mucocutaneous lesions of the oronasopharynx. 

Leishmaniasis For treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (liposomal only) treatment of American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis but not as primary therapy (deoxycholate). Unlabeled uses Prophylaxis for fungal infection in patients with bone marrow transplantation (0.1 mg/kg/day). 

Data obtained from various studies in patients with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis or ca presumed or proven fungal infections. 

The flagellate leishmania is transmitted to humans by the bite of the female sandfly of the genus Phlebotomus. Three principal diseases result from infection with Leishmania spp. L. donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) L. tropica and L. major produce cutaneous leishmaniasis, and L. braziliensis causes South American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. In visceral leishmaniasis, the protozoan parasitizes the reticuloendothelial cells, and this results in an enlargement of the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen the spleen can become massive. Cutaneous leishmaniasis remains localized to the site of inoculation, where it forms a raised disfiguring ulcerative lesion. South American leishmaniasis is variable in its presentation. It is characterized by ulceration of the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and pharynx some disfiguring skin involvement also is possible. 

Sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam) is an organic pentavalent antimony compound it may cause anorexia, vomiting, coughing and substemal pain. Used in mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, it may lead to severe irrflammation around pharyngeal or tracheal lesions which may require corticosteroid administration to control. Meglumine antimoniate is similar. 

Leishmaniasis is the term used for diseases caused by species of the genus Leishmania that are transmitted by the bite of infected sandflies. The lesions of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis are... 

The potential therapeutic effect of berbamine (10, 25, and 50 pg/ml)(and thirteen other bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids) against the protozoan disease leishmaniasis was studied by biological assays on in vitro culture forms of three strains of Leishmania L. brasiliensis brasiliensis (cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis), L. mexicana amazonensis (cutaneous), and L. donovani (visceral leishmaniasis). Berbamine was found to inhibit the growth of all three types to differing degrees, but was not as active as daphnandrine, gyrocarpine, or obaberine [194]. 

The main clinical symptoms of cutaneous leishmaniasis are related to dermal problems like skin lesions and ulcerations. The mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is the severe and destructive form of cutaneous leishmaniasis that may occasionally cause destruction or disfiguration of tissues of nasal septum, lips and larynx. 

The introduction of tartar emetic (1) in 1912 for the treatment of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis heralded a new era in the treatment of the disease, which was followed by the investigation of a number of other antimonials for clinical efficacy in leishmaniasis. This led to the discovery of a number of fivevalent antimony compounds, that have laboratory and clinical efficacy and are better tolerated than tartar emetic. These included sodium stibogluconate (2), meglumine antimoniate (3), derivatives of stibanilic acid (stibamine, 4), stibacetin (5), ethyl stibamine (a mixture of 4, 5, antimonic acid and Et2NH in a molar ratio of 1 2 1 3 with 41-44% of fivevalent antimony content) and urea stibamine (6) have been used to treat kala-azar, cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in man. 

For treating mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, a dose of 20 mg/kg of pentostam is administered intramuscularly or intravenously for 20 days (maximum 800 mg/ daily). The treatment may be repeated if required [12]. 

This disease is caused by a protozoan belonging to the genus Leish-mania. The three variations of the disease are visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azm, black fever, or Assam fever), cutaneous leishmaniasis, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. " The visceral form is caused predominantly by L. donovani, whereas the other two forms are caused... 

Llanos-Cuentas A, Chang J, Cieza J, Echevarria J, Garcia P, Lentnek A. Safety and tolerance of amphotericin B lipid complex vs Fungizone in patients with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990 (Abstract). 

C. Nifurtimox This drug is a nitrofurazone derivative that inhibits the parasite-unique enzyme trypanothione reductase. Nifurtimox is the drug of choice in American trypanosomiasis and has also been effective in mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. The drug causes severe toxicity, including allergies, gastrointestinal irritation, and CNS effects. 

Leishmania, parasitic protozoa transmitted by flesh-eating flies, cause various diseases ranging from cutaneous or mucocutaneous lesions to splenic and hepatic enlargement with fever. Soilium stibogluconate (pentavalent antimony), the primary drug in all forms of the disease, appears to kill the parasite by inhibition of glycolysis or effects on nucleic acid metabolism. Alternative agents include pentamidine (for visceral leishmaniasis), metronidazole (for cutaneous lesions), and amphotericin B (for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis). 

Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by a number of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. The protozoa may be harbored in diseased rodents, canines, and various other mammals and transmitted from the infected mammal to man by bites from female sandflies of the genus Phlehotomus and then appears in one of four major clinical syndromes visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, or diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. 

There are three disease syndromes included under the general title of leishmaniasis. These are visceral, cutaneous, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. They are clinically distinct and each has a definite geographical distribution, but all are associated with the parasite of the genus Leishmania. 

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