Commercially available

Neural network classifiers. The neural network or other statistical classifiers impose strong requirements on the data and the inspection, however, when these are fulfilled then good fully automatic classification systems can be developed within a short period of time. This is for example the case if the inspection is a part of a manufacturing process, where the inspected pieces and the possible defect mechanisms are well known and the whole NDT inspection is done in repeatable conditions. In such cases it is possible to collect (or manufacture) as set of defect pieces, which can be used to obtain a training set. There are some commercially available tools (like ICEPAK [Chan, et al., 1988]) which can construct classifiers without any a-priori information, based only on the training sets of data. One has, however, always to remember about the limitations of this technique, otherwise serious misclassifications may go unnoticed. 

Recently ultrasonic spectroscopy has become a more common NDE technique and specialized instruments are commercially available now for inspection of aerospace structures, ball bearings, and even concrete [2],[3]. 

Fokker Bond Tester. An ultrasonic inspection technique commonly used for aircraft structures is based on ultrasonic spectroscopy [2]. Commercially available instruments (bond testers) used for this test operate on the principle of mechanical resonance in a multi-layer structure. A piezoelectric probe shown in Figure 3b, excited by a variable frequency sine signal is placed on the surface of the inspected structure. A frequency spectrum in the range of some tens of kHz to several MHz is acquired by the instrument, see Figure 3a. 

We used a SUN SPARCstation with commercially available image processing software (AGFA Mimosa and Musica). The images were treated for visual inspection applying the Musica algorithm full force /3/. 

Recently commercially available X-ray systems for laminography have a spatial resolution limited to hundred microns, which is not enough for modem multilayer electronic devices and assembles. Modem PCBs, flip-chips, BGA-connections etc. can contain contacts and soldering points of 10 to 20 microns. The classical approach for industrial laminography in electronic applications is shown in Fig.2. 

This opens perspectives for obtaining phase contrast information in a microfocus tomographic system Recently we have developed a desktop X-ray microtomographic system [4] with a spot size of 8 micrometer (70 KeV) and equipped with a (1024) pixel CCD, lens coupled to a scintillator. The system is now commercially available [5], The setup is sketched in Figure 1 In this work we used the system to demonstrate the feasibility for phase contrast microtomography. 

The second example shows results obtained with an angle beam probe for transverse waves in coarse grained grey cast iron. Two commercially available probes are compared the composite design SWK 60-2 and the standard design SWB 60-2. The reflector in this example is a side-drilled hole of 5 mm diameter. The A-scans displayed below in Fig. 5 and 6 show that the composite probe has a higher sensitivity by 12 dB and that the signal to noise ratio is improved by more than 6 dB. 

PVDF film is readily commercially available in thicknesses up to 110 pm. If film of this thickness is bonded to a rigid substrate, the peak response is at a frequency of about 3.7 MHz which corresponds to the thickness of the layer being a quarter wavelength. This frequency is rather high for most Lamb wave testing since Fig 1 shows that even on a I mm thick... 

A useful empirical method for the prediction of chemical shifts and coupling constants relies on the information contained in databases of structures with the corresponding NMR data. Large databases with hundred-thousands of chemical shifts are commercially available and are linked to predictive systems, which basically rely on database searching [35], Protons are internally represented by their structural environments, usually their HOSE codes [9]. When a query structure is submitted, a search is performed to find the protons belonging to similar (overlapping) substructures. These are the protons with the same HOSE codes as the protons in the query molecule. The prediction of the chemical shift is calculated as the average chemical shift of the retrieved protons. 

The aim of a retrosynthetic analysis is the transformation of a synthesis target into progressively simpler structures, following a pathway to commercially available starting materials. 

Titration. The solution of ammonia absorbed in saturated boric acid may now be titrated as an alkali directly with 0 025 A.HCl (best obtained by dilution of commercially available standard A.HCl in a graduated flask). Three drops of indicator (mixed methyl-red/methyl-ene-blue being most satisfactory) are added to the liquid in the receiver and the 0 025 A.HCl run in from an accurate burette. 

The utilization of commercially available finite element packages in the simulation of routine operations in industrial polymer processing is well established. However, these packages cannot be usually used as general research tools. Thus flexible in-house -created programs are needed to carry out the analysis required in the investigation, design and development of novel equipment and operations. 

Trimethylene dibromide (Section 111,35) is easily prepared from commercial trimethj lene glycol, whilst hexamethylene dibromide (1 O dibromohexane) is obtained by the red P - Br reaction upon the glycol 1 6-hexanediol is prepared by the reduction of diethyl adipate (sodium and alcohol lithium aluminium hydride or copper-chromium oxide and hydrogen under pressure). Penta-methylene dibromide (1 5-dibromopentane) is readily produced by the red P-Brj method from the commercially available 1 5 pentanediol or tetra-hydropyran (Section 111,37). Pentamethylene dibromide is also formed by the action of phosphorus pentabromide upon benzoyl piperidine (I) (from benzoyl chloride and piperidine) ... 

The reaction represented is that with hydrazine solution, produced from hydrazine sulphate and sodium acetate in the presence of aqueous alcohol. Excellent results are also obtained by interaction of the commercially available 60-64 per cent, hydrazine solution with a solution of 2 4 dinitrochloro-benzene in triethylene glycol or in diethylene glycol at about 20°. 

Good results are obtained by the oxidation of the commercially available cyclo-propyl methyl ketone with sodium hypobromite solution, and the preparation may be regarded as an excellent example of the oxidation of the —COCH, group to — OOH ... 

Phenacetiii may also be prepared by acetylation of the commercially available p phenetidine ... 

High-purity sulfur is commercially available in purities of 99.999+%. 

Ductile vanadium is commercially available. Commercial vanadium metal, of about 95% purity, costs about 20/lb. Vanadium (99.9%) costs about 100/oz. 

Yttrium metal of 99.9% purity is commercially available at a cost of about 75/oz. 

Until 1960, technetium was available only in small amounts and the price was as high as 2800/g. It is now commercially available to holders of O.R.N.L. permits at a price of 60/g. 

Ytterbium metal is commercially available with a purity of about 99+% for about 875/kg. 

This salt turned out to be remarkably stable and a powerful, convenient nitrating agent for a wide variety of aromatics (and later also aliphatics). Over the years, this chemistry was further developed, and nitronium tetrafluoroborate is still a widely used commercially available nitrating agent. 

Nitronium salts of many acids have been prepared, " and some are commercially available. They have been used as nitrating agents ( 4-4-2). 

Any commercially available vacuum pump is perfectly fine for the underground chemist s needs but the best kind to buy is a diaphragm pump, which is more resistant to the often-harsh chemical vapors that are sucked through it. Most vacuum pumps cost about 100- 200. However, the stronger the vacuum the better. If a chemist is looking to pull 1mm of Hg (don t ask) like the girls in the chemistry papers do then she can be looking at a turbovac that can run well over 5000. 

Currently, there are commercially available 48% or higher HBr solutions in acetic acid. These work just fine. They really do The acetic acid is usually used more as a solvent than an acid. It allows the water-loving HBr and the water phobic safrole to mingle with each other in a very positive way. If one cannot get a readymade solution of HBr in acetic acid then one can make one quite easily. 

Another way would be to generate ones own HBr gas. If you were to take a look in the Crystallization section of this book one would see that the apparatus used is essentially an HCI gas generator. Substituting the commercially available 48% aq. HBr instead of HCI will give one dry HBr gas instead That gas can be channeled directly into acetic acid just like above. 

Yeesh That was what Strike wrote last year. And the sad truth is that it did not work The reason why is the way Strike proposed getting anhydrous mercuric nitrate. The baking of commercially available mercuric nitrate monohydrate was actually destroying most of the compound. Aside of that this recipe works It really does. 

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