Bismuth compounds commercially available

The most sensitive method for the determination of bismuth is atomic absorption spectrometry in conjunction with graphite tube atomization. Bismuth has at least five atom lines suitable for determination strong lines at 278, 289.8, 293.8 and 306.9 nm and a weak line at 267.9 nm. A detection limit of 0.05 ppm has been reported for this procedure. 

Metalic bismuth of 99.9-99.999% purity is available commercially in the form of ingot, elongated pieces, shot (1-2 mm), and powder (-100 mesh). Prices of powdered bismuth per 100 g are US 114.40 ( 28 300) for 4 nine bismuth and US 193.70 ( 47 900) for 5 nine bismuth. 

All four trivalent bismuth halides (BiX3) are commercially available. The chloride and bromide are especially moisture-sensitive and corrosive, and are readily converted into oxyhalides, especially (BiOX). Some physical properties are shown in Table 1.5. 

Bismuth fluoride (Bip3) is found in the form of white or gray dimorphic crystals, practically insoluble in water, but soluble in concentrated hydrofluoric acid with the formation of complexes. It volatilizes slowly with partial decomposition at high temperatures. Bismuth bromide (BiBr3) is found as yellowish crystals, soluble in aqueous alkali halides and dilute hydrochloric acid, but practically insoluble in alcohols. It is readily decomposed by water to give bismuth oxybromide BiOBr. Bismuth iodide (BiU) is a black fine crystalline solid with a metallic sheen, practically insoluble in water, but slowly decomposes in hot water. It dissolves in liquid ammonia, aqueous potassium iodide, hydriodic acid and hydrochloric acid, but not so much (ca. 3.5%) in absolute ethanol. When exposed to air for a prolonged time, it is slowly converted to bismuth iodate (Bi(I03)3). Bismuth fluoride of 98% purity costs US 24.30 ( 6200) per 25 g, bromide of 98% purity US 24.90 ( 6200), and iodide of 99% US 34.50 ( 8600). These halides are all corrosive and moisture-sensitive. 

Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) is a colorless fine powder, which melts at 232°C and boils at 447°C. It is practically insoluble in water and alcohols, but readily soluble in hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. Above 570°C, it liberates BiCb to be transformed into a Bi405Cl3 compound. Among bismuth oxyha-lides, only the oxychloride is available commercially at a cost of US 30.00 ( 7500) for a sample of 99% purity and US 98.60 ( 24 400) for a sample of 99.99% purity per 50 g. However, other oxyhalides can readily be prepared by partial hydrolysis of trivalent bismuth halides or by the interaction of basic bismuth nitrate (BiO(N03)) with the corresponding sodium halide in aqueous 

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Many polycyclic aromatic amines and aldehydes are commercially available, but their supply is very limited. Preparation of these starting materials is necessary for studying the (3-lactam formation reaction [93]. Nitro compounds are the precursors for the amines. An important task was to prepare polycyclic aromatic nitro compounds, particularly those of chrysene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and dibenzofluorene in good yield. Nitration of these hydrocarbons with concentrated nitric acid in sulfuric acid is a widely used reaction for this purpose. Our research culminated in facile synthesis of polyaromatic nitro derivative 9 starting from polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 8 through the use of bismuth nitrate impregnated with clay (Scheme 1) ([94, 95] for some examples of bismuth nitrate-catalyzed reactions... 

Sodium bismuthate NaBi03 is a stable solid compound of rather ill-defined composition, which is commercially available as a yellow to light brown powder and normally used without purification. The commercial product is suggested to be a mixture of dibismuth pentaoxide, sodium carbonate and sodium peroxide. Hence, commercial samples are often variable in appearance and reactivity. 

Most mercaptides are not available as commercial products, since large-scale applications of these chemical compounds are quite limited (only mercaptides of tin and antimony are used industrially as thermal stabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride) [de Sousa et al., 2000 Qu L. et al., 2002]). However, these compounds can be synthesized in a very simple way. Owing to their low water solubility, mercaptides can precipitate by reacting thiols (or thiophenols) with aqueous solutions of the corresponding metal salts. In addition to the well-known mercaptides of mercury, lead, zinc, and copper, many others, such as mercaptides of silver, gold, platinum, palladium, iridium, nickel, iron, cobalt, antimony, bismuth, and cadmium, have been prepared. 

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