Lamps commercial available

The production of ketene by this method has no significant environmental impact. The off-gases from the ketene furnace are either circulated to the furnace and burned to save energy or led to a flare system. The reaction can also be carried out at 350—550°C in the presence of alkaH-exchanged zeoHte catalysts (54). Small quantities of ketene are prepared by pyrolysis of acetone [67-64-1] at 500—700°C in a commercially available ketene lamp (55,56). 

If the flow of cooling water is stopped while the apparatus is cold, the water may freeze and crack the immersion well. The vacuum jacket provides greater insurance against this problem than is available in the commercially available wells used with the usual 450 watt lamps. ... 

Chemat and his coworkers [92] have proposed an innovative MW-UV combined reactor (Fig. 14.7) based on the construction of a commercially available MW reactor, the Synthewave 402 (Prolabo) [9[. It is a monomode microwave oven cavity operating at 2.45 GHz designed for both solvent and dry media reactions. A sample in the quartz reaction vessel could be magnetically stirred and its temperature was monitored by means of an IR pyrometer. The reaction systems were irradiated from an external source of UV radiation (a 240-W medium-pressure mercury lamp). Similar photochemical applications in a Synthewave reactor using either an external or internal UV source have been reported by Louerat and Loupy [93],... 

Use of visible light is desirable if a portable light curing source is to be used because of the reduced eye hazard and the fact that these lamps do not contain mercury. However, at the present time there is no commercially available portable light source meeting the performance requirements. 

Excitation spectra of D API and Hoechst 3 3 342 are too short for most of the lasers and mirrors that are supplied with commercially available laser scanning microscopes, although these dyes can be imaged in conventional fluorescence microscopes with Xenon or Mercury arc discharge lamp or when using HeNe laser/UV system or multiple photon microscopy... 

The photochemical step could also be accomplished by adding Mo(CO)e, EtjN and EtgO to a photochemical immersion well, and irradiating under an inert atmosphere with a Hanovia medium pressure 450W mercury vapor lamp for 20-30 min. Commercially available immersion wells generally require > 800 mL of solvent in order to work effectively (so that the solvent is level with the lamp), and the submitters have found that the more concentrated solution reported here (ca. 450 mL) is more effective. 

There are a large number of lamps used fo inifiafe fhe reacfions in fhe processed material. They differ in design and source of radiafion. Below is a list of commercially available lamps ... 

Xenon lamps are available mainly as tubular and point source bulbs. The radiation produced by this type of lamps is not particularly rich at wavelengths below 400 nm, and therefore their applications are somewhat limited. However, it is possible to pulse xenon lamps, which enables them to achieve high peak irradiances. Commercially available pulsed xenon lamps are available with emissions in the UV and visible spectral range. Alternating the gas fill can produce output rich in UV. 

By far the most common lamps used in AAS emit narrow-line spectra of the element of interest. They are the hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) and the electrodeless discharge lamp (EDL). The HCL is a bright and stable line emission source commercially available for most elements. However, for some volatile elements such as As, Hg and Se, where low emission intensity and short lamp lifetimes are commonplace, EDLs are used. Boosted HCLs aimed at increasing the output from the HCL are also commercially available. Emerging alternative sources, such as diode lasers [1] or the combination of a high-intensity source emitting a continuum (a xenon short-arc lamp) and a high-resolution spectrometer with a multichannel detector [2], are also of interest. 

A Very practical application of infrared radiation is found in radiant heating. Solid radiators, such as hot tungsten filaments, alloy wires, and silicon carbide rods arc used widely as sources of infrared to provide surface healing by radiation. Commercially available infrared lamps are extensively used in specially designed ovens for drying painted and enameled surfaces. 

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