Functional commercially available

Okada et al. were the first to synthesize so-called sugar-balls [42]. They functionalized commercially available 3rd- and 4th-generation PAMAM-den-... 

Depending on polymerization conditions, PEG termini may consist of hydroxyl groups or may be selectively functionalized. Commercially available PEG is produced through anionic polymerization of ethylene oxide to yield a polyether struc-... 

Reetz et al. (16) functionalized commercially available DAB-dendrimers with diphenylphosphine groups at the periphery (1) via a double phosphination of the amines with diphenylphosphine and formaldehyde. The transition metal complexes la-le have been prepared in which the dendrimer-N-(CH2PPh2)2 groups act as bidentate ligands. 

These materials are solids, with a variety of functionalities commercially available. 

Among the soluble polymeric matrixes used, poly(ethylene glycol )s (PEG) are the most successful (Janda et al. 2002). These polymers with Mw > 2,000 Da are readily functionalized, commercially available, inexpensive supports that feature convenient solubility properties they are soluble in many common organic solvents and insoluble in a few other solvents, such as diethyl ether, hexanes, f-butyl-methyl ether. Therefore,... 

The use of an initiator system that already carries the desired functional group is certainly the most attractive way of introducing a functionality at the end or start, as all polymer chains formed will necessarily be end-functional. However, only very few reports on functional initiators have been reported to date. One major drawback is probably the lack of straightforward synthetic methods to functionalize commercially available catalyst systems. 

The methods involved in the production of proteins in microbes are those of gene expression. Several plasmids for expression of proteins having affinity tails at the C- or N-terminus of the protein have been developed. These tails are usefiil in the isolation of recombinant proteins. Most of these vectors are commercially available along with the reagents that are necessary for protein purification. A majority of recombinant proteins that have been attempted have been produced in E. Coli (1). In most cases these recombinant proteins formed aggregates resulting in the formation of inclusion bodies. These inclusion bodies must be denatured and refolded to obtain active protein, and the affinity tails are usefiil in the purification of the protein. Some of the methods described herein involve identification of functional domains in proteins (see also Protein engineering). 

Selected physical properties of various methacrylate esters, amides, and derivatives are given in Tables 1—4. Tables 3 and 4 describe more commercially available methacrylic acid derivatives. A2eotrope data for MMA are shown in Table 5 (8). The solubiUty of MMA in water at 25°C is 1.5%. Water solubiUty of longer alkyl methacrylates ranges from slight to insoluble. Some functionalized esters such as 2-dimethylaniinoethyl methacrylate are miscible and/or hydrolyze. The solubiUty of 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate in water at 25°C is 13%. Vapor—Hquid equiUbrium (VLE) data have been pubHshed on methanol, methyl methacrylate, and methacrylic acid pairs (9), as have solubiUty data for this ternary system (10). VLE data are also available for methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, methyl a-hydroxyisobutyrate, methanol, and water, which are the critical components obtained in the commercially important acetone cyanohydrin route to methyl methacrylate (11). 

Reactive groups can be introduced into the polymer backbone by the choice of an appropriate functional monomer. Commercially available examples of such monomers ate as follows ... 

Synthetic. The main types of elastomeric polymers commercially available in latex form from emulsion polymerization are butadiene—styrene, butadiene—acrylonitrile, and chloroprene (neoprene). There are also a number of specialty latices that contain polymers that are basically variations of the above polymers, eg, those to which a third monomer has been added to provide a polymer that performs a specific function. The most important of these are products that contain either a basic, eg, vinylpyridine, or an acidic monomer, eg, methacrylic acid. These latices are specifically designed for tire cord solutioning, papercoating, and carpet back-sizing. 

There are many methods of fabricating the electrodes for these cell systems. The eadiest commercially successhil developments used nickel hydroxide [12054-48-7] Ni(OH)2, positive electrodes. These electrodes are commonly called nickel electrodes, disregarding the actual chemical composition. Alkaline cells using the copper oxide—2inc couple preceeded nickel batteries but the CuO system never functioned well as a secondary battery. It was, however, commercially available for many years as a primary battery (see BatterieS-PRIMARY cells). 

Certain base adducts of borane, such as triethylamine borane [1722-26-5] (C2H )2N BH, dimethyl sulfide borane [13292-87-OJ, (CH2)2S BH, and tetrahydrofuran borane [14044-65-6] C HgO BH, are more easily and safely handled than B2H and are commercially available. These compounds find wide use as reducing agents and in hydroboration reactions (57). A wide variety of borane reducing agents and hydroborating agents is available from Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Base displacement reactions can be used to convert one adduct to another. The relative stabiUties of BH adducts as a function of Group 15 and 16 donor atoms are P > N and S > O. This order has sparked controversy because the trend opposes the normal order estabUshed by BF. In the case of anionic nucleophiles, base displacement leads to ionic hydroborate adducts (eqs. 20,21). 

Mixed Ether Derivatives of HEC. Several chemical modifications of HEC are commercially available. The secondary substituent is generally of low DS (or MS), and its function is to impart a desirable property lacking in HEC. 

Reportedly, OjoCdiaHylbispheaol A is an attractive comonomer for bismaleimides because the corresponding copolymer is tough and temperature resistant (41). Toughness, however, is a function of the BMI—diaHylbisphenol A ratio employed. In one study optimized toughness properties were achieved when BMI and diaHylbisphenol were employed at a close to 2 1 molar ratio (42). In Table 9, the mechanical properties of BMI—bis(3-allyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-7 -diisopropylbenzene resias are provided, showiag optimized properties for the 60/40 BMI—diaHylbisphenol composition. The 0,(9 diaHylbisphenol A is commercially available under the trademark Matrimide 5292. Another bisaHylphenyl compound is available from SheH Chemical Company/Technochemie under the trademark COMPIMIDE 121. 

A partially cross-linked, isobutylene—isoprene—divinylbenzene terpolymer containing some unreacted substituted vinylbenzene appendages is commercially available from Polysar Division, Bayer AG. Because of the residual reactive functionality, it can be cross-linked by peroxides that degrade conventional butyl mbbets. It is employed primarily in the manufacture of sealant tapes and caulking compounds (31). 

Because Raman spectroscopy requires one only to guide a laser beam to the sample and extract a scattered beam, the technique is easily adaptable to measurements as a function of temperature and pressure. High temperatures can be achieved by using a small furnace built into the sample compartment. Low temperatures, easily to 78 K (liquid nitrogen) and with some diflSculty to 4.2 K (liquid helium), can be achieved with various commercially available cryostats. Chambers suitable for Raman spectroscopy to pressures of a few hundred MPa can be constructed using sapphire windows for the laser and scattered beams. However, Raman spectroscopy is the characterizadon tool of choice in diamond-anvil high-pressure cells, which produce pressures well in excess of 100 GPa. ... 

Newer silicone adhesives having solids levels up to 97% are also commercially available [109]. Instead of using silanol condensation reactions, they rely on addition chemistry between vinyl functional silicone oligomers and silicon hydride terminated silicones. This addition reaction is typically facilitated with platinum derived catalysts. This hydrosilation process can be run at reduced oven temperatures, but the finished products typically do not yield the same balance of properties as seen for condensation cure materials. 

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