Units, battery commercially available

Test-Mate Assay In addition to the laboratory-based methodologies, a field deployable unit is commercially available, the Test-mate ChE system (EQM Research Inc., Cincinnati, OH). This method is also based on the Ellman procedure and is supplied as a kit containing reagents to separately measure erythrocyte AChE and plasma-BChE with a battery-operated, photometric analyzer (Taylor et al., 2003). A specific serum BChE inhibitor (As 1397, or 10-(oi-diethylaminopropionyl)-phenothia-zone) is included in the kit and is required to measure AChE (after a period of incubation). Two capillary... 

Based on battery capacity, three types of lead-acid battery units are commercially available for different applications, as shown in Figure 10.2 [4-6]. The first type of unit is a large-sized battery with a capacity range of 100 to 3600 Ah (the open circuit voltage [OCV] is normally 2.0 V), the second one is a medium-sized battery with a capacity range of 40 to 200 Ah (OCV is 12.0 V), and the third one is a small-sized battery with a capacity range of 2 to 40 Ah (OCV is 6.0 V). Depending on the power requirements of the application, different types of lead-acid batteries and/or their combinations can be used. 

Uses. Silver fluoride has found many laboratory and special industrial appHcations. It is used as a soft (nHld) fluorinating agent for selective fluorination (7—17), as a cathode material in batteries (qv) (18), and as an antimicrobial agent (19). Silver fluoride is commercially available from Advance Research Chemicals, Inc., Aldrich Chemicals, Cerac Corp., Johnson/Matthey, PCR, Atochem, and other sources in the United States. The U.S. price of silver fluoride in 1993 was 1000— 1400/kg and the total U.S. consumption was less than 200 kg/yr. 

Hydrogen-storage alloys (18,19) are commercially available from several companies in the United States, Japan, and Europe. A commercial use has been developed in rechargeable nickel—metal hydride batteries which are superior to nickel—cadmium batteries by virtue of improved capacity and elimination of the toxic metal cadmium (see BATTERIES, SECONDARYCELLS-ALKALINe). Other uses are expected to develop in nonpolluting internal combustion engines and fuel cells (qv), heat pumps and refrigerators, and electric utility peak-load shaving. 

The first practical silver—zinc battery was developed more then 60 years ago. Since then, primary and secondary silver—zinc batteries have attracted a variety of applications due to their high specific energy, proven reliability and safety, and the highest power output per unit weight and volume of all commercially available batteries. However, they find very limited use in commercial applications, because of their high price and limited cycle life. Development of a battery separator which will improve the performance and life of zinc based alkaline cells has been... 

Commercial solid-state potential measuring devices based on the type of op-amp described are often called pH or plon meters and are designed to work with glass pH electrodes, ISEs, and other indicator electrodes described earlier. Research quality plon meters have built-in temperature measurement and compensation, autocalibration routines for a three-point (or more) calibration curve, recognition of electrodes (so you do not try measuring fluoride ion with your pH electrode ), and the ability to download data to computer data collection programs. The relative accuracy of pH measurements with such a meter is about 0.005 pH units. Meters are available as handheld portable devices for field or plant use these meters have less accuracy, on the order of 0.02 pH units, but are much less expensive. The field-portable meters are battery powered and waterproof. Commercial meters will read out in mV, pH, concentration of ion for an ISE, and mS for conductivity measurements, and many will also read out the temperature. 

Information is available on forklifts and commercial fleet vehicles, so that potential domestic markets can be estimated (12,13). The current number of forklifts in the United States is approximately 1.5 million, and annual purchases are approximately 100,000 (based on 1985 and projected 1986 figures). Approximately half of the new lifts are battery-powered, with the battery costing 4000 to 5000. Thus, the current annual market for these batteries is roughly 200 to 250 million, and the potential market is about twice as large. 

The majority of these C-Zn cells are available in D, C, A, and AAA sizes. These cells are manufactured in Europe, United States, China, and other countries. The United States favors the production of the alkaline version of these cells over the C-Zn versions. As far as worldwide application is concerned, both the standard and premium versions are widely used to power electronic devices where cost, performance, and availability are the prime considerations. Because of worldwide demand, these low-power batteries are being manufactured by more than 250 companies. Chinese companies are producing close to 7 billion C-Zn batteries per year because of high demand due to very low cost. Commercial publications indicate that production of older batteries such as C-Zn will slow down as newer low-cost batteries are developed and become available in abundant quantities. 

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