Commercially available immunochemical kits

Regarding commercially available immunochemical kits, we could mention the Charm ROSA Enrofloxacin Test that detects ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin equally (see Table 4) and the 5101ERFXlp test. This last one is a direct competitive ELISA, which uses MAbs and has a LOD of 3 ng g1 in tissues. Some other companies do have antibodies available as reagents for different applications such as Biodesign International and QED Bioscience Inc. 

Several qualitative and quantitative immunochemical methods for CAP analysis in biological matrices of animal origin have been described [101,102, 104,105] (see Table 3). Van de Water et al. [ 102] described an ELISA that detected CAP in swine muscle tissue with an IC50 value of 3 ng mL1. This immunoassay was improved and subsequently optimized incorporating the streptavidin-biotin amplification system. There are also several commercially available test kits (see Table 4). RIDASCREEN is a competitive enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative analysis of CAP residues in milk, eggs, and meat in a microtiter plate. The measurement is made photometrically, obtaining a LOD of 100 ng L 1 in meat and eggs and 150 ng L 1 in milk. The test has been also applied to the analysis of tetracyclines. 

Immunochemical methods have been developed and placed on the market to analyze tetracycline residues (see Table 4). Thus, a qualitative EIA has been developed and used to analyze tetracyclines in honey samples with a detection level of 20 pg/kg-1 [96]. A microplate-based indirect ELISA has been developed to analyze tetracyclines using polyclonal antibodies. The assay could measure tetracycline in the range between 0.1 and 6 ng mL L Other tetracycline antibiotics such as chlortetracycline, rolitetracycline, or minocycline are also highly recognized in this assay [98]. Several immunoassay kits are commercially available for the analysis of tetracyclines although, to our knowledge, none of them... 

Commercially available kits (e.g., Roche Glycan Quantitation Kit) are based on the oxidation of the carbohydrates with periodic acid and subsequent coupling of the formed aldehyde with a hydrazide (e.g., digoxigenin hydrazide). The formed conjugate is estimated immunochemically by ELISA. 

Currently, a number of immunochemical tests are commercially available in a kit format for many drugs. The 96-well plastic plate is one of the more commonly used formats of polystyrene and polyvinyl sold supports. It is well suited to automation and high throughput uses due to the wide variety of equipment that has been developed to simplify reagent transfer, rinsing steps, and interpretation of results. 

Table 2 Availability of commercial immunochemical kits for microorganism and toxins...

Besides commercial kits, many immunochemical reagents are available (191,192) anti-drug antibodies, anti-enzyme antibodies, radioisotopic labels, nonisotopic labels, secondary antibodies, and biotinylated conjugates. Because of the flexibility in IA designs, investigators can consider several options from the availability of the commercial materials in addition to in-house resources in preparing the IA reagent components. 

Although a number of Immunochemical methods have been used for the analysis of small molecular weight biological substances, only radioimmunoassay (RIA), enyzme-1Inked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Immuno-affinity assay (lAA), have been developed for the analysis of mycotoxins. Recent developments have led to several quick screening tests and more than 10 types of commercial kits have become available In the last few years (8, 10, 13). In most cases, sample after extraction from the solid matrix and diluted In buffer can be directly used In the assay. Since the application of Immunoassay for several mycotoxins are covered by other speakers, I will only briefly highlight some of the recent progress on these methods. 

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