Common commercially available

The basic compositions of the most common commercially available lead chromate pigments are given ia Table 2 (44). 

The physical properties of carbon electrodes are deterrnined by the raw materials and processes used in their manufacturer. There are no universal grade designations and the pubHshed properties are quite broad. Table 3 shows ranges for some of the common commercially available grades. 

Some of the more common commercially available resins are listed in Table 13. 

Applications for blocked urethane adhesives are small. However, they may be used as flocking adhesives or as crosslinkers for solvent-borne adhesives. Blocked urethane adhesives are also used as splicing adhesives for belts. Blocked isocyanates based on TDI, IPDI, and derivatives of hexamethylene diisocyanate are most commonly commercially available. 

The most common, commercially available drilling mud additives are published annually by World Oil. The listing includes names and description of over 2,000 mud additives. 

A list of some of the more common, commercially available hydrocolloids, their names, and their structural formulas, as far as they are known, has been prepared for ready reference and is given below. Several of these formulas have been reproduced from the book, Industrial Gums, through the courtesy of Academic Press. 

Several types of reference electrodes are convenient for use in analytical electrochemistry. The use of high-input-impedance operational amplifiers in the reference electrode inputs of potentiostats ensures that very low levels of current are drawn from the reference electrode (see Chap. 6). This permits the use of reference electrodes that do not have to contain a large number of redox equivalents in order to ensure a constant reference potential and are therefore very small. Three reference-electrode designs that are convenient for use in analytical electrochemistry are shown in Figure 9.4. Saturated calomel and silver-silver chloride (of various concentrations of chloride) are among the most common commercially available or conveniently fabricated reference electrodes. 

The assays presented in this section deal with the measurement of enzyme activity, which is expected to be proportional to the amount of active enzyme present in a sample, food or otherwise, unit ci.i is an overview of the important considerations in performing activity assays unitc 1.2 illustrates how these considerations are applied to the assay of a representative food-relevant glycosyl hydrolase. Chapters C2, C3, and C4 present the first units on particular types of activity assays. In Chapter C2, two units present peptidase activity assays that use either synthetic substrates (UNITC2.1) or common, commercially available protein substrates (unit C2.2). unitC3.i presents three different assays for lipase activity. unitc4.i presents assays for diphenol oxidases, and unitc4.2 for lipoxygenase. 

The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology recommends that the term peptidase be used synonymously with the term peptide hydrolase (IUBMB, 1992). Thus, in this unit the term peptidase is used in reference to any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds, without distinguishing between exo- and endopeptidase activities. Peptidases may be assayed using native or modified proteins, peptides, or synthetic substrates. In this unit, the focus is on assays based on the hydrolysis of common, commercially available, protein substrates. Thus, the assays are not intended to be selective for a given peptidase they are designed to provide estimates of overall peptidase activity. Other units in this publication focus on synthetic or model substrates, which can be designed for the measurement of specific endo- and/or exopeptidase activities. 

Figure 14.1 Common commercially available dendrimers. Top left Polypropylene imine) dendrimer (G5). Top right Poly(amido amine) dendrimer (G3). Bottom Poly(amido amine) ( Starburst ) dendrimer (G5). Each generation is marked with a circle (reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry).

There are several manufacturers of microcarriers for animal cell culture, providing products with different chemical composition, size, form, and density. Table 9.2 shows a list of common commercially available microcarriers and their manufacturers. 

Deuterated chloroform (CDC13) is used whenever circumstances permit—in fact most of the time. The small sharp proton peak at 8 7.26 from the CHC13 impurity present rarely interferes seriously. For very dilute samples, CDC13 can be obtained in 100% isotope purity. A list of common, commercially available... 

Likewise there are many types of hydrophobe to choose from and Table 1.2 illustrates some of the common commercially available ones. 

Raw materials. Sodium isethionate is produced by the reaction of ethylene oxide with sodium bisulphite. The most common commercially available isethionates are based on coconut fatty acid. 

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