Commercially available dyes

A problem in the biotechnological synthesis of indigo is the disposal of the large amounts of biomass produced. Application as a fertilizer is not yet a ready option, because of the possible liberation of genetically modified microorganisms. Alternative disposal methods, such as an efficient clarification plant or incineration, are associated with additional costs. 

Recent literature [31] treats the economic aspects and gives theoretical target production costs for biologically produced indigo, but these are scarcely likely to be realized in the foreseeable future. 

The following commercial forms of indigo are available worldwide In nonreduced form as 

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This applied particularly to double-base propints, although some single-base propints also gave erratic results. For these reasons, work was undertaken at Picatinny Arsenal to find an indicator that would be more reliable than methyl violet. About 60 commercially available dyes were examined by S. Helf (Ref 5) in exptl indicator paper tests, of which only three were found to be superior to methyl violet benzoazurine, trypan red and ethyl violet. Laboratory and surveillance testing showed that papers prepd with a 0.1% soln of benzoazurine did not change in color after one year when used with stable double-base propint, while methyl violet paper was bleached in nearly every case. The other two indicators mentioned above, trypan red and ethyl violet, were not as satisfactory as benzoazurine, although they were better than methyl violet. 

Presently, the only commercially available dyes that are applied because of then-ability to form fluorescent aggregates are trimethine cyanines JC-1 and JC-9 (Fig. 11) [25], the first one being studied much more extensively than the second one. The dye JC-1 is known to form red-fluorescent (emission maximum at 590 nm) J-aggregates in mitochondria possessing strong intramitochondrial negative potential, while upon depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, the dye monomer green emission (maximum at 527 nm) is observed [25]. JC-9 demonstrates similar properties [25]. Such properties permit the application of these dyes for, e.g., detection of apoptotic electrical depolarization of mitochondria [25]. 

Indicator Test Paper for Detecting Stability of Double-Base Propellants. Approx 60 commercially available dyes were investigated in experimental indicator test papers. Laboratory surveillance tests indicated that 3 of these selected for further evaluation were less sensitive to double-base propint degredation products than N/10 Methyl Violet paper. The order of sensitivity was as follows N/10 Methyl Violet,... 

Full in-house oligonucleotide synthesis with 5 end incorporation of dye phos-phoramidites. Due to wide availabifity of commercially synthesized oligonucleotides, full synthesis of RNA oligos in individual labs is not frequendy carried out these days and choices of commercially available dye phosphoramidites are limited. Thermo Fisher Scientific (www. thermo.com) provides a selection of DyLight phosphoramidites that have spectral properties analogous to Cy3, Cy5, and Cy5.5 dyes. 

Phenosafranine was the first viable desensitizer and originally appeared on the market as Pinasafrol and Desensitol. Although phenosafranine can be used alone, diluted 1 10,000 with water, a better choice for modern MQ developers is Basic Scarlet N, a combination of phenosafranine and chrysoidine, two commercially available dyes. Basic Scarlet N is more efficient than phenosafranine alone and has greater keeping properties (Formulas Miscellaneous). 

Using this approach the first multiplexed simultaneous detection of six different DNA sequences, corresponding to different strains of the Escherichia coli bacterium, each labeled with a different commercially available dye label (ROX, HEX, FAM, TET, Cy3, or TAMRA) was reported [52]. In this study, both exploratory discriminant analysis and supervised learning, by partial least squares (PLS) regression, were used and the ability to discriminate whether a particular labeled... 

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