Cell-adhesion Molecules

Chothia, C. Jones, E.Y. The molecular structure of cell adhesion molecules. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 66 823-862, 1997. 

The basement membrane is a structure that supports overlying epithelial or endothelial cells. The primary fimction of the basement membrane is to anchor down the epithelium to its loose connective tissue underneath. This is achieved by cell-matrix adhesions through cell adhesion molecules. 

Cadherins are a superfamily of Ca2+-sensitive cell-cell adhesion molecules, which cause homophilic cell interactions. Cadherins can be divided into different subfamilies, namely, classical cadherins, desmosomal cadherins, protocadherins, and nonconventional cadherins (7TM cadherins, T-cadherin, FAT). Classical cadherins are often denoted by a prefix reflecting their principal expression domains e.g., E is epithelial, N is neuronal, and P is placental. However, this classification is not stringent, as for instance E-cadherin can also be found in certain neuronal tissues, and N-cadherin is also found in epithelial cells. Among the desmosomal cadherins, two subfamilies can be distinguished the desmocollins 1-3 and the desmogleins 1-4. 

The extracellular domain of cadherins consists of a variable number of a repeated sequence of about 110 amino acids. This sequence is termed the cadherin repeat and resembles in overall structure, but not in sequence, the Ig like domains. The cadherin repeat is the characteristic motive common to all members of the cadherin superfamily. Classical and desmosomal cadherins contain five cadherin repeats, but as many as 34 repeats have been found in the FAT cadherin (see below). Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecules, which means that removal of Ca2+, e.g., by chelating agents such as EDTA, leads to loss of cadherin function. The Ca2+-binding pockets are made up of amino acids from two consecutive cadherin repeats, which form a characteristic tertiary structure to coordinate a single Ca2+ion [1]. 

Integrins, selectins, cadherins, claudins and other cell adhesion molecules are involved in the interaction of cells with other cells or with extracellular matrix components. Some of them also serve as receptors by inducing outside-in or additional inside-out signaling. 

Cell Adhesion Molecules Cell-cycle Arrest Cell Cycle Checkpoints Cell Cycle Control Cell Division Cycle Cell Multiplication Cell Proliferation Cellular Immmunity Central Core Disease (CCD)... 

A 3D model of the fibrinogen-derived (very late antigen-4, VLA-4) inhibitor 4-[N -(2-methylphenyl)ureido]phenylacetyl-Leu-Asp-Val was derived from the X-ray structure of the related integrin-binding region of the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). A 3D pharmacophore was generated with the program Catalyst, and a 3D search was performed in 8624 molecules from... 

Jung H, Toth PT, White PA, Miller RJ (2008) Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 functions as a neuromodulator in dorsal root ganglia neurons. J Neurochem 104 254-263 Kahn L, Alonso G, Normand E, Manzoni OJ (2005) Repeated morphine treatment alters polysia-lylated neural cell adhesion molecule, glutamate decarboxylase-67 expression and ceU proliferation in the adult rat hippocampus. Em J Nemosci 21 493-500 Kaul M, Ma Q, Medders KE, Desai MK, Lipton SA (2007) HIV-1 coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 both mediate neuronal cell death but CCR5 paradoxically can also contribute to protection. Cell Death Differ (2) 296-305... 

IkB inhibitory protein kappa B lCAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule 1 lL-1 interleukin-1 LDL low density lipoprotein MAPKs mitogen activated protein kinases MCP-1 macrophage chemotactic protein 1 M-CSF macrophage colony stimulating factor mmLDL minimally modified LDL NAC A-acetylcysteine NF-kB nuclear factor-kappa B oxLDL oxidised LDL PKC protein kinase C PMA phobol myristate acetate ROS reactive oxygen species TNF-a tumour necrosis factor alpha AM-1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1... 

Selective inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 gene expression by a novel flavonoid. Lack of effect on trascriptional factor NF-kB Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 16, 1501-8. 

NF-xB activates genes encoding MHC class I antigens, IL-1, TNFa, IL-6, the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor, some acute-phase proteins and the adhesion molecules, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) (lademarco... 

CD44 Known to be z leucocyte adhesion molecule also known as hyaluronic acid cell adhesion molecule (H-CAM), Hermes antigen, extracellular matrix receptor III (ECMIII) present on polymorphonuclear leucocytes CI)45 Known to be z pan leucocyte marker... 

HBBS Hank s balanced salt solution HCA Hypertonic citrate H-CAM Hyaluronic acid cell adhesion molecule HDC Histidine decarboxylase... 

LFA-1 Leucocyte function-associated antigcn-1 also known to be member of the (3-2 integrin family of cell adhesion molecules... 

LPS Lipopolysaccharide L-selectin Leucocte selectin, formerly knovm as monoclonal antibody that recognizes murine L-selectin (MEL-14 antigen), leucocyte cell adhesion molecule-1 (LeuCAM-1), lectin cell adhesion molecule-1 (LeCAM-1 or LecCAM-1), leucocyte adhesion molecule-1 (LAM-1)... 

NAP-I, NAP-2 Neutrophilactivating peptides -1 and -2 NBT Nitro-blue tetrazolium NCI Non-collagen 1 N-CAM Neural cell adhesion molecule... 

NF-xB Nuclear fector-xB NgCAM Neural-glial cell adhesion molecule... 

PE Phosphatidylethanolamine PECAM-1 Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 also known as CD31... 

VCAM, VCAM-1 Vascular ceU adhesion molecule, -1, also known as inducible cell adhesion molecule MW 110 kD (INCAM-110)... 

Fig. 4.6(a) Migration of LHRH neurocrine cells prenatal transportation along the track of extra-bulbar VN axons (caudal branch). CB, cribriform plate FB, forebrain cell types, TAG-1, transient axonal surface glycoprotein and N-CAM, neural cell adhesion molecule (from Yoshida et al, 1995). 

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