Gene activation

However, the a helices are not packed against each other in the usual way as described in Chapter 3. Instead, a helices 2 and 3, residues 15-36, form a unique helix-turn-helix arrangement that in 1981 had only been observed once, in a different bacterial DNA-binding protein, the catabolite gene-activating protein CAR... 

Steitz, T.A., et al. Structural similarity in the DNA-binding domains of catabolite gene activator and Cro repressor proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79 3097-3100,... 

Weber, L, Steitz, T.A. The structure of a complex of catabo-lite gene activator protein and cyclic AMP refined at 2.S A resolution. /. Mol. Biol. 198 311-326, 1987. 

The observation of dependent variable values (in functional experiments this is cellular response) as they happen (i.e., as the agonist or antagonist binds to the receptor and as the cell responds) is referred to as real time. In contrast, a response chosen at a single point in time is referred to as stop-time experimentation. There are certain experimental formats that must utilize stop-time measurement of responses since the preparation is irreparably altered by the process of measuring response. For example, measurement of gene activation through reporter molecules necessitates lysis of the cell. Therefore, only one... 

Antidiabetic Drugs other than Insulin. Table 2 Tissue expression, ligands, genes activated, and biological actions of the peroxisome proliterator-activated receptor-y (PPARy)... 

Gene activated Lipoprotein lipase fatty acid transporter protein adipocyte fatty acid binding protein acyl-CoA synthetase malic enzyme GLUT-4 glucose transporter phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase... 

The family of apelin peptides is derived from a single gene, activate a single G-protein-coupled receptor and are substrates for the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). Apelins regulate cardiovascular function and fluid homeostasis. The apelin receptor also functions as a co-receptor for infection of CD4-positive cells by human immunodeficiency vims ( HIV). 

A gene activity profile is a collection of quantitatively determined levels of gene products, found in one tissue or cell type, which is characteristic of the tissue, a disease process, a hormone response, a pharmaceutical intervention, etc. 

Histone acetylation is a reversible and covalent modification of histone proteins introduced at the e-amino groups of lysine residues. Histones and DNA form a complex - chromatin - which condenses DNA and controls gene activity. Current models interpret histone acetylation as a means to regulate chromatin activity. 

Histone tails are the N-terminal regions of histones which reach outside the nucleosomes. They are not essential for the formation in of nucleosomes but are required for the formation of higher-order chromatin structures. The histone tails are also known to be heavily posttranslationally modified by acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, etc. and are important for the regulation of gene activity. 

Shuai K, Liu B (2005) Regulation of gene-activation pathways by PIAS proteins in the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 5 593-605... 

Gene Activity Profile Gene Array Gene Chip... 

Ashburner, M. Bonner, J.J. (1979). The induction of gene activity in Drosophila by heat shock. Cell, 17, 241-54. 

Upon binding, the artificial transcription factor recruits the necessary transcriptional machinery for gene activation. (Bottom, left) Ball-and-stick model for a polyamide conjugated to the VP2 activation domain. Symbols are as in Fig. 3.4. (Bottom, right) Structure of the polyamide-VP2 conjugate with the polyproline linker domain in brackets... 

Zeng F, Schultz RM. RNA transcript profiling dnring zygotic gene activation in the preimplantation mouse embryo. Dev Biol 2005 283 40-57. 

The cis-acting elements that decrease or repress the expression of specific genes have also been identified. Because fewet of these elements have been smdied, it is not possible to fotmulate genetalizations about their mechanism of action—though again, as for gene activation, chromatin level covalent modifications of histones and other proteins by (repressor)-recruited multisubunit corepressors have been imphcated. 

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