Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule

Ohashi Y, Nakai Y, Sakamoto H, Ohno Y, Sugiura Y, Okamoto H, Tanaka A, Kakinoki Y, Kishimoto K, Hayashi M Serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis before and after immunotherapy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1996 77 203-208. Ohashi Y, Nakai Y, Tanaka A, Kakinoki Y, Washio Y, Kato A, Masamoto T, Sakamoto H, Yamada K Ten-year follow-up study of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E and immunoglobulin G4, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, interleukin-4, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in serum of patients on immunotherapy for perennial allergic rhinitis. Scand J Immunol 1998 47 167-178. 

Miyazaki, K. Makino, K. Iwadate, E. Deguchi, Y. Ishikawa, F. 2008. Anthocyanins from purple sweet potato Ipomoea batatas cultivar Ayamurasaki suppress the development of atherosclerotic lesions and both enhancements of oxidative stress and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56 11485-11492. 

K, Nakai, C. Itoh, K. Kawazoe, Y, Miura, H. Sotoyanagi, K. Hotta, T. Itoh, J. Kamata and K. Hiramori, Concentration of Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) Correlated with Expression of VCAM-1 mRNA in the Human Atherosclerotic Aorta, Coronary Artery Disease 6 (1995) 497-502. 

Figure 31.4. Time course of cellular and molecular activation folowing stroke. Diagrammatic representation of the time course of cellular activation (PNL, polymorphonuclear leukocytes M( ), macrophages) and inflammatory molecular expression (GM, granulocyte and monocyte colony-stimulating factor ICAM, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 VCAM, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 TNF-a, tumor necrosis factor a IL-1 3, interleukin 1(3 lL-6, interleukin 6 IL-8, interleukin 8 lL-10, interleukin 10) in human brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood after stroke. Reproduced from Nilupul Perera M, Ma HK, Arakawa S, Howells DW, Markus R, Rowe CC, Donnan GA (2006). Inflammation following stroke. J Clin Neurosci, 13 1-8 (with permission from Elsevier).

Serum levels of soluble adhesion molecules in patients with stable angina are comparable to those of healthy persons. Unstable angina is characterized by significant elevation of sP-selectin and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM)-l serum levels (67). 

Upregulation of adhesion molecules has been documented in human stroke patients [7]. It was demonstrated that leukocytes from patients suffering an ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack showed increased CDl la expression within 72 hours of the onset of symptoms [123]. Increased ICAM-1 expression on the surface of vessels fi om cerebral cortical infarcts was detected in four patients [124]. In some studies, soluble isoforms of adhesion molecules shed fi om the surfaces of activated cells were quantified in serum. Serum endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1, E-selectin) levels increased up to 24 hours after stroke. Similar increases were observed in serum vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) levels and these increases were sustained up to 5 days [125]. In contrast, serum ICAM-1 levels in acute ischemic stroke patients have been found to be lower than or the same as those of asymptomatic control subjects matched for age, sex, and vascular risk factors [125,126]. The reason not to detect an increase in serum levels of adhesion molecules might be due to the late enrolling of patients. Once adhesion molecules bind to leukocytes and endothelial cells, they can no longer be detected in serum [7]. 

Kallmann BA, Hummel V, Lindenlaub T, et al. Cytokine-induced modulation of cellular adhesion to human cerebral endothelial cells is mediated by soluble vascular ceU adhesion molecule-1. Brain 2000 123 687-97. 

Adhesion molecules are a wide variety of molecules that can potentially be measured as a way of assessing the adherence of leukocytes and/or platelets or other adhesive proteins to the endothelial matrix. Some are receptors. Some of the examples include PECAM-1 (platelet-endothelial adhesion molecule 1), P-selectin, e-selectin, and VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule i). At times, the receptor itself is measured but often it is a soluble portion that circulates that is the ligand. At present, there are no standardized assays and no reference interval studies or consistent assay validations. 

Kock AE, Halloran MM, Haskell CJ, Sah MR, Polverini PJ (1995) Angiogenesis mediated by soluble forms of E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Nature 376 517... 

No effect of soy isoflavones on circulating soluble cell adhesion molecules and other markers of vascular inflammation. 

---