Tumour necrosis factor alpha

Moss ML, Jin SL, MiUa ME et al (1997) Cloning of a disintegrin metalloproteinase that processes precursor tumour-necrosis factor-alpha. Nature 385 733-736 Nixon RA, Cataldo AM (2006) Lysosomal system pathways genes to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 9 277-289 Noorbakhsh F, VergnoUe N, HoUenberg MD et al (2003) Proteinase-activated receptors in the nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci 4 981-990... 

IkB inhibitory protein kappa B lCAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule 1 lL-1 interleukin-1 LDL low density lipoprotein MAPKs mitogen activated protein kinases MCP-1 macrophage chemotactic protein 1 M-CSF macrophage colony stimulating factor mmLDL minimally modified LDL NAC A-acetylcysteine NF-kB nuclear factor-kappa B oxLDL oxidised LDL PKC protein kinase C PMA phobol myristate acetate ROS reactive oxygen species TNF-a tumour necrosis factor alpha AM-1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1... 

D13. van Deuren, M., Kinetics of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors, interleukin 1 -beta and its receptor antagonist during serious infections. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 13,12-16 (1994). 

G10. Girardin, E., Roux-Lombard, P Grau, G. E., Suter, P., and Gallati, H., and Dayer J. M. The J5 Study Group. Imbalance between tumour necrosis factor-alpha and soluble TNF receptor concentrations in severe meningococcaemia. Immunology 76,20-23 (1992). 

Garside, P., Bunce, C., Tomlinson, R.C., Nichols, B.L. and Mowat, A.M. (1993) Analysis of enteropathy induced by tumour necrosis factor alpha. Cytokine 5, 24-30. 

Chevalier S et al. Proteomic analysis of differential protein expression in primary hepatocytes induced by EGF, tumour necrosis factor alpha or the peroxisome pro-liferator nafenopin. Eur J Biochem 2000 267 4624-4634. 

Kang, C. P. et al., The influence of a polymorphism at position -857 of the tumour necrosis factor alpha gene on clinical response to etanercept therapy in rheumatoid arthritis, Rheumatology (Oxford), 44, 547, 2005. 

Ko, S., Kwok, T.T., Eung, K.P., Choy, Y.M., Lee, C.Y., and Kong, S.K., 2000, Slow rise of Ca2-l- and slow release of reactive oxygen spedes are two cross-talked events important in tumour necrosis factor-alpha-mediated apoptosis. Free Radio. Res. 33 295-304. 

Barrera, P., Joosten, L. A., den Broeder, A. A., van de Putte, L. B., van Riel, P. L., and van den Berg, W. B. (2001) Effects of treatment with a fully human anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody on the local and systemic homeostasis of interleukin 1 and TNFalpha in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 60, 660-669. 

Cuchacovich, M., Ferreira, L., Aliste, M., et al. (2004) Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels and influence of -308 TNF-alpha promoter polymorphism on the responsiveness to infliximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 33, 228-232. 

The proinflammatory cytokines (interleukins 1 and 6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha) from macrophages are raised in depression. This leads to increased PGE2 synthesis and release which may lead to a reduction in central monoamine release. 

Exposure of the SECs to pathogens or cytokines produced by other cells during stress induces activation of the SECs and subsequent production of cytokines, eicosanoids, and/or adhesion molecules. For instance, after activation with EPS, a main component of the walls of gramnegative bacteria and a major inducer of inflammation and non-specific immune functions [20], SECs produce a number of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines shown to be produced were tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) [26] interleukin-1 alpha/beta(IL-lo/p) [27] the major inducer of acute phase proteins interleukin-6 (IL-6) [28] and the neutrophil chemo-attractant interleukin-8 (IL-8) [29]. Anti-inflammatory cytokines shown to be produced were interleukin-10 (IL-10) [27] and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) [30]. 

Lawson MM, Thomas AG, Akobeng AK. Tumour necrosis factor alpha blocking agents for induction of remis-... 

Yarim GF, Karahan S, Nisbet C (2007) Elevated plasma levels of interleukin 1 beta, tumour necrosis factor alpha and monocyte chemotac-tic protein 1 are associated with pregnancy toxaemia in ewes. Vet Res Commun 31 565-573... 

CNllO Bibby, D. C. and R. F. Grimble. Dietary fat modifies some metabolic actions of human recombinant tumour necrosis factor alpha in rats. Br J Nutr CN 121 1990 63(3) 653-668. 

M. M. Ogilvie, R. A. Elton, and C. C. Blackwell. Infection with respiratory syncytial virus and water-soluble components of cigarette smoke alter production of tumour necrosis factor alpha and nitric oxide by human blood... 

La Riviere G., Gebbinck J., Schipper C. and Roos E., (1992).Tumour necrosis factor alpha stimules invasiveness of T-cell hybridomas and cytotoxic T-cell clones by a pertussis toxin insensitive mechanism. Immunology, Vol 75, 269-274. 

Other possible ovarian regulators include tumour necrosis factor-alpha, catecholaminergic input, luteinization inhibitor, gonadotrophinbinding inhibitors, oocyte maturation inhibitor and the ovarian renin-angiotensin system. Ovarian renin-angiotensin has been detected in follicular fluid (Lightman et al., 1989). 

Amiri, P., Locksley, R.M., Parslow, T.G., Sadick, M., Rector, E., Ritter, D. and McKerrow, J.H. (1992) Tumour necrosis factor alpha restores granulomas and induces parasite egg-laying in schistosome-infected SCID mice. Nature 356, 604-607. 

Fig. 9.2. Simplified schema of the development of T helper type 1 (Th1) and 2 (Th2) cells under the influence of interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-4, respectively, and how these two polarized T cell phenotypes produce cross-inhibitory cytokine profiles and promote different aspects of the host immune response (IFNy, interferon-gamma TNFa, tumour necrosis factor alpha Thr, T helper regulatory cell Th3, T helper type 3 cell).

Fig. 9.3. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and mast cell activation are important components of the mammalian response to cestode infections (ADCC, antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity Ag, antigen EO, eosinophils Feel, high affinity receptor for Fc portion of IgE LTs, leukotrienes Mac, macrophages NO, nitric oxide PGs, prostaglandins TNFa, tumour necrosis factor alpha).

Abbreviations-. CD, cluster designation (surface markers) ConA, concanavalin A (aT cell mitogen) IFNy, interferon-gamma IL, interleukin PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells TNFa, tumour necrosis factor-alpha. 

Mechanism of Action. Although the details are unclear, imiquimod enhances the local production of interferons, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, and possibly other cytokines that produce antiviral responses. Hence, this drug does not act directly on the virus, but instead modulates the host (human) immune responses that have antiviral effects. 

T. Knittel, L. Muller, B. Saile, and G. Ramadori, Effect of tumour necrosis factor-alpha on proliferation, activation and protein synthesis of rat hepatic stellate cells, J. Hepatol. 27 1067-1080 (1997). 

Studnicka-Benke, A., Steiner, G., Petera, P., and Smolen, J. S. (1996). Tumour necrosis factor alpha and its soluble receptors parallel clinical disease and autoimmune activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Br. J. Rheumatol. 35, 1067-1074. 

De Bandt M, Sibilia J, Le Loet X, Prouzeau S, Fautrel B, Marcelli C, Boucquillard E, Siame JL, Mariette X, Club Rhumatismes et Inflammation. Systemic lupus erythematosus induced by anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha therapy a French national survey. Arthritis Res Ther 2005 7 R545-51. 

Recently, it has been shown that oxidant stress can induce the expression and replication of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) in a human T cell line [64], The effect was shown to be mediated by the transcription factor NFk,B, which was potently and rapidly activated by exposure of target cells to H2O2. Moreover, the activation of NFkB by a variety of stimuli including phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), calcium ionophores and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) was inhibited by the ROI scavenger, N-acetyl cysteine [64]. It was therefore suggested that the formation of ROI was the common mechanism involved in the activation of NFk,B by a variety of agents. 

ThEF-a (tumour necrosis factor alpha) is the best known member of a group of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), collectively responsible for the fever and inflammation associated with infections and serious disease. 

Astralagus 2. Echinacea 3. Liquorice 4. Milk thistle 5. Neem 6. Sea buckthorn 1. Ciclosporin 2. Azathioprine 3. Methotrexate 4. Tacrolimus 5. Dadizumab 6. Cyclophosphamide Possibility of graft rejection 1 blood level unknown mechanism (astralagus). Other mechanisms alkyl amides from echinacea modulate tumour necrosis factor alpha mRNA expression in human monocytes/macrophages via the cannabinoid type 2 receptor Unknown mechanism (milk thistle is known to l cyclosporine levels neem L effects of azathioprine, prednisolone and dadizumab sea buckthorn may 1 effect of cyclophosphamide) Induces metabolizing enzymes, CYP3A4 and P-gp (St John s wort L ciclosporin and tacrolimus levels) Avoid concomitant use of the herb... 

Peracchi M, Bamonti Catena F, Pomati M, De Franceschi M, and Scalabrino G (2001) Human cobalamin deficiency alterations in serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha and epidermal growth factor. European Journal of Haematology 67, 123-7. 

R. A. Black, C. T. Rauch, C. J. Kozlosky, J. J. Peschon, J. L. Slack, M. F. Wolfeon, et al. A metalloproteinase disintegrin that releases tumour-necrosis factor-alpha from cells. Nattdre, 385 (6618), 729-733,... 

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