Alcohol methylation

MC.-Octyl alcohol methyl n-hexyl carbinol CH3CH(OH)(CHj)jCH3 = CgH,OH is converted by heating with phthalic anhydride into sec.-octyl hydrogen phthalate ... 

To isolate pure p-dibromobenzene, filter the second portion of the steam distillate through a small Buchner funnel with suction press the crystals as dry as possible. Combine these crystals with the residue (R) and recrystaliise from hot ethyl alcohol (for experimental details, see Section IV,12) with the addition of 1-2 g. of decolourising charcoal use about 4 ml. of alcohol (methylated spirit) for each gram of material. Filter the hot solution through a fluted filter paper, cool in ice, and filter the crystals at the pump. The yield of p-dibromobenzene, m.p. 89°, is about 12 g. 

Hydrolysis of p-tolunitrile to p-toluic acid. Boil a mixture of 5 g. of p-tolunitrile, 80 ml. of 10 per cent, aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and 15 ml. of alcohol under a reflux condenser. (The alcohol is added to prevent the nitrile, which volatUises in the steam, from crystalhsing in the condenser it also increases the speed of hydrolysis. The alcohol may be omitted in the hydrolysis of nitriles which are hquid at the ordinary temperature, e.g., benzo-nitrUe.) The solution becomes clear after heating for about 1 hour, but continue the boiling for a total period of 1 - 5 hours to ensure complete hydrolysis. Detach the condenser and boil the solution for a few minutes in the open flask to remove dissolved ammonia and incidentally some of the alcohol CAUTION /). Cool, and add concentrated hydrochloric acid until precipitation of the p-toluic acid is complete. When cold, filter off the p-toluic acid with suction and wash with a little cold water. Recrystallise from a mixture of equal volumes of water and alcohol (methylated spirit) or from benzene. The yield of p-toluic acid, m.p. 178°, is 5-5 g. 

The catalyst is inactive for the hydrogenation of the (isolated) benzene nucleus and so may bo used for the hydrogenation of aromatic compounds containing aldehyde, keto, carbalkoxy or amide groups to the corresponding alcohols, amines, etc., e.g., ethyl benzoate to benzyl alcohol methyl p-toluate to p-methylbenzyl alcohol ethyl cinnamate to 3 phenyl 1-propanol. 

Esters of the homologous acids are prepared by adding silver oxide in portions rather than in one lot to a hot solution or suspension of the diazo ketone in an anhydrous alcohol (methyl, ethyl or n-propyl alcohol) methanol is generally used and the silver oxide is reduced to metallic silver, which usually deposits as a mirror on the sides of the flask. The production of the ester may frequently be carried out in a homogeneous medium by treating a solution of the diazo ketone in the alcohol with a solution of silver benzoate in triethylamlne. 

Solubility in Water Alkyl halides and alcohols differ markedly from one another m their solubility m water All alkyl halides are insoluble m water but low molecular weight alcohols (methyl ethyl n propyl and isopropyl) are soluble m water m all pro portions Their ability to participate m mtermolecular hydrogen bonding not only affects the boiling points of alcohols but also enhances their water solubility Hydrogen bonded networks of the type shown m Figure 4 5m which alcohol and water molecules asso ciate with one another replace the alcohol-alcohol and water-water hydrogen bonded networks present m the pure substances... 

Pentaerythritol is used in self-extinguishing, non dripping, flame-retardant compositions with a variety of polymers, including olefins, vinyl acetate and alcohols, methyl methacrylate, and urethanes. Phosphoms compounds are added to the formulation of these materials. When exposed to fire, a thick foam is produced, forming a fire-resistant barrier (see Elame retardants) (84—86). 

Isoprene [78-79-5] (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) is a colorless, volatile Hquid that is soluble in most hydrocarbons but is practically insoluble in water. Isoprene forms binary azeotropes with water, methanol, methylamine, acetonitrile, methyl formate, bromoethane, ethyl alcohol, methyl sulfide, acetone, propylene oxide, ethyl formate, isopropyl nitrate, methyla1 (dimethoxymethane), ethyl ether, and / -pentane. Ternary azeotropes form with water—acetone, water—acetonitrile, and methyl formate—ethyl bromide (8). Typical properties of isoprene are Hsted in Table 1. 

Ar = 1 — naphthyl and l-CH -l-naphthyl). When At was 2-CH C H the product was di-2-tolylbismuthinic acid [124066-74-6] rather than the ester. The reaction was unsuccessful when At was l-ClCgH, 3-CF3C3H4, or 2-thienyl. The methyl esters underwent ester exchange when recrystallized from ethyl or isopropyl alcohols. Methyl diphenylbismuthinate [124066-62-2] was readily hydrolyzed in water to diphenylbismuthinic acid [124066-70-2],... 

Paprika oleoresin (EEC No. E 160c) is the combination of davor and color principles obtained by extracting paprika with any one or a combination of approved solvents acetone, ethyl alcohol, ethylene dichloride, hexane, isopropyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, methylene chloride, and trichloroethylene. Depending on their source, paprika oleoresins are brown—red, slightly viscous, homogeneous Hquids, pourable at room temperature, and containing 2—5% sediment. 

Esters of low volatility are accesible via several types of esterification. In the case of esters of butyl and amyl alcohols, water is removed as a binary azeotropic mixture with the alcohol. To produce esters of the lower alcohols (methyl, ethyl, propyl), it may be necessary to add a hydrocarbon such as benzene or toluene to increase the amount of distilled water. With high boiling alcohols, ie, benzyl, furfuryl, and P-phenylethyl, an accessory azeotroping Hquid is useful to eliminate the water by distillation. 

Water with aniline, benzene, benzyl alcohol, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, isoamyl alcohol, methyl ethyl ketone, nitromethane, tributyl phosphate or toluene. 

Methylal, see Dimethoxymethane Methyl alcohol Methyl amyl alcohol Methyl-n-amyl ketone Methyl bromide 2-Methyl-l -butene... 

Alcohols.—It may be a liquid alcohol (methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc., glycerol, benzyl) or a solution of it in nater. In the former case its boiling-point will have already been determined. Itttiay be fiirthei identified (1) by converting it into the benzoic... 

One of the heptyl alcohols, methyl-amyl carbinol, of the formula... 

Methyl-heptenone combines with sodium bisulphite. On reduction by means of sodium and alcohol, it forms the corresponding alcohol, methyl-heptenol, CgHj OH, which has the following characters —... 

The noncatalytic oxidation of propane in the vapor phase is nonselec-tive and produces a mixture of oxygenated products. Oxidation at temperatures below 400°C produces a mixture of aldehydes (acetaldehyde and formaldehyde) and alcohols (methyl and ethyl alcohols). At higher temperatures, propylene and ethylene are obtained in addition to hydrogen peroxide. Due to the nonselectivity of this reaction, separation of the products is complex, and the process is not industrially attractive. 

Tertiary aliphatic alcohols Methyl esters of carboxylic acids Esters of n-chain carboxylic acids Silanes... 

CL-Phenylethanol (a-Phenylethyl alcohol, Methyl-phenyl carbinol). C6H5, CHOH.CH3, mw 122.16, liq, bp 203.6° at 475mm, d 1.019g/cc at 13/4°. Prepn and other properties are given in Beil 6,475, (236) [445]... 

---