Promoters methyl alcohol

Rb+- and Cs+-impregnated X zeolites were found to exhibit the highest activity and selectivity in these transformations. A CsX zeolite treated with boric acid, for example, gave better than 50% overall selectivity in the formation of styrene and ethylbenzene (410°C, 60% conversion).275 Treatment of these catalysts with copper or silver nitrate resulted in further improvements in catalyst performance.276 The promoting role of these metals was suggested to be their involvement in dehydrogenation of methyl alcohol. 

Bicyclic nitroso acetals were able to be synthesised by employing ethyl vinyl ether (dienophile), styrene (dipolarophile) and the previously discussed resin-bound ni-troalkenes in a one-pot tandem [4+2]/[3+2]. As illustrated in Scheme 7.30, several aromatic and aliphatic substituents could be introduced to the bicyclic scaffold. Reductive cleavage of the cycloadducts with lithium aluminium hydride (LLAIH4) gave rise to the 3a-methyl alcohol substituted nitroso acetals in moderate overall yields. All these examples demonstrate that resin-bound nitroalkenes can be readily synthesised by microwave synthesis and thereafter can be used as starting materials, in a variety of high pressure-promoted cycloadditions. 

Some work has been reported utilizing alcohols for supercritical extraction of coal. Makabe et al.(5) reported extraction of coal with ethanol-sodium hydroxide mixtures with the objective of maximizing extraction yield no sulfur data were reported. Methyl alcohol reaction with a low volatile bituminous West Virginia coal at higher temperatures (460-600 °C) was reported by Garner et al.(J>). Promotion of coal gasification was the objective of that study sulfur content of the resultant char was not reported. 

Ross, D. S. and Blessing, J. E., "Alcohols as H-Donor Media in Coal Conversion. 1. Base-Promoted H-Donation to Coal by Methyl Alcohol," Fuel, 1979, 58, 438. 

Cavinato, G. Toniolo, L.J. New aspects of the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate via carbonylation of methyl alcohol promoted by methoxycarbonyl complexes of palladium(II). J. Organomet. Chem. 1993, 444 C65-C66. 

Electrolytes used are sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, inorganic salts, and organic salts. Glacial acetic acid, methyl alcohol, and ethyl alcohol have also been found useful. Promoters are stannous chloride, copper sulfate, mercurous sulfate, antimony oxides, ketones, and salts of lead, titanium, molybdenum, and vanadium. 

Sodium Hydroxide and Methyl Alcohol. On reacting nitrobenzene with methanol and caustic soda, azoxybenzene is the main reduction product formed. Sodium formate is obtained as the oxidation product of the methanol used. Naphthoquinone and its substitution products are promoters of this reaction. ... 

Engeland, M. et al., Effects of dietary folate and alcohol intake on promoter methylation in sporadic colorectal cancer The Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer, Cancer Res., 63, 3133-3137, 2003. 

Regenerable, ion-supported (diacetoxyiodo)benzenes promoted the formation of 5-aryl-2-methyl oxazoles from acetophenones and acetonitrile in the presence of CF3SO3H with excellent yields and purity (13T2961). A procedure for the synthesis of oxa(thia)zol-3-yl methyl alcohols 135 started from 3-oxetanone 133 and (thio)amides 134.The reaction proceeds under microwave irradiation and acid catalysis (13CEJ9655). 

Polymers. AH nitro alcohols are sources of formaldehyde for cross-linking in polymers of urea, melamine, phenols, resorcinol, etc (see Amino RESINS AND PLASTICS). Nitrodiols and 2-hydroxymethyl-2-nitro-l,3-propanediol can be used as polyols to form polyester or polyurethane products (see Polyesters Urethane polymers). 2-Methyl-2-nitro-l-propanol is used in tires to promote the adhesion of mbber to tire cord (qv). Nitro alcohols are used as hardening agents in photographic processes, and 2-hydroxymethyl-2-nitro-l,3-propanediol is a cross-linking agent for starch adhesives, polyamides, urea resins, or wool, and in tanning operations (17—25). Wrinkle-resistant fabric with reduced free formaldehyde content is obtained by treatment with... 

Several catalytic systems have been reported for the enantioselective Simmons Smith cyclopropanation reaction and, among these, only a few could be used in catalytic amounts. Chiral bis(sulfonamides) derived from cyclo-hexanediamine have been successfully employed as promoters of the enantioselective Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation of a series of allylic alcohols. Excellent results in terms of both yield and stereoselectivity were obtained even with disubstituted allylic alcohols, as shown in Scheme 6.20. Moreover, this methodology could be applied to the cyclopropanation of stannyl and silyl-substituted allylic alcohols, providing an entry to the enantioselective route to stannyl- and silyl-substituted cyclopropanes of potential synthetic intermediates. On the other hand, it must be noted that the presence of a methyl substituent at the 2-position of the allylic alcohol was not well tolerated and led to slow reactions and poor enantioselectivities (ee<50% ee). ... 

The reaction can, however, be made preparative for (91) by a continuous distillation/siphoning process in a Soxhlet apparatus equilibrium is effected in hot propanone over solid Ba(OH)2 (as base catalyst), the equilibrium mixture [containing 2% (91)] is then siphoned off. This mixture is then distilled back on to the Ba(OH)2, but only propanone (b.p. 56°) will distil out, the 2% of 2-methyl-2-hydroxypentan-4-one ( diacetone alcohol , 91, b.p. 164°) being left behind. A second siphoning will add a further 2% equilibrium s worth of (91) to the first 2%, and more or less total conversion of (90) — (91) can thus ultimately be effected. These poor aldol reactions can, however, be accomplished very much more readily under acid catalysis. The acid promotes the formation of an ambient concentration of the enol form (93) of, for example, propanone (90), and this undergoes attack by the protonated form of a second molecule of carbonyl compound, a carbocation (94) ... 

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