For liquid alcohols

Jorgensen, W. L. (1986). Optimized intermolecular potential functions for liquid alcohols. J. Phys. Chem., 90, 1276-1284. 

Tetrahydropyranyl ethers have been prepared both in the absence (especially for liquid alcohols [46, 47]) and presence of solvents. A variety of solvents including chloroform [54], ether [49], ethyl acetate [56], dioxan [37], and dimethylformamide [57] have been used. Phosphoryl chloride [47], hydrogen chloride [55] (including concentrated hydrochloric acid [46]) and p-toluenesulphonic acid [52] appear to be the most... 

An adequate prediction of multicomponent vapor-liquid equilibria requires an accurate description of the phase equilibria for the binary systems. We have reduced a large body of binary data including a variety of systems containing, for example, alcohols, ethers, ketones, organic acids, water, and hydrocarbons with the UNIQUAC equation. Experience has shown it to do as well as any of the other common models. V7hen all types of mixtures are considered, including partially miscible systems, the... 

Hydroboration-oxidation of (E) 2 (p anisyl) 2 butene yielded an alcohol A mp 60°C in 72% yield When the same reaction was performed on the Z alkene an isomenc liquid alcohol B was obtained in 77% yield Suggest reasonable structures for A and B and describe the relation ship between them... 

Sodium (metal). Used as a fine wire or as chips, for more completely drying ethers, saturated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons which have been partially dried (for example with calcium chloride or magnesium sulfate). Unsuitable for acids, alcohols, alkyl halides, aldehydes, ketones, amines and esters. Reacts violently if water is present and can cause a fire with highly flammable liquids. 

Nature produces a tremendous amount of methyl aleohol, simply by the fermentation of wood, grass, and other materials made to some degree of eellulose. In faet, methyl aleohol is known as wood aleohol, along with names sueh as wood spirits and methanol (its proper name the proper names of all aleohols end in -ol). Methyl aleohol is a eolorless liquid with a eharaeteristie aleohol odor. It has a flash point of 54°F, and is highly toxie. It has too many eommereial uses to list here, but among them are as a denaturant for ethyl alcohol (the addition of the toxie ehemieal methyl aleohol to ethyl aleohol in order to form denatured aleohol), antifreezes, gasoline additives, and solvents. No further substitution of hydroxyl radieals is performed on methyl aleohol. 

The following are some of the typical industrial applications for liquid-phase carbon adsorption. Generally liquid-phase carbon adsorbents are used to decolorize or purify liquids, solutions, and liquefiable materials such as waxes. Specific industrial applications include the decolorization of sugar syrups the removal of sulfurous, phenolic, and hydrocarbon contaminants from wastewater the purification of various aqueous solutions of acids, alkalies, amines, glycols, salts, gelatin, vinegar, fruit juices, pectin, glycerol, and alcoholic spirits dechlorination the removal of... 

Some organic compounds can be in solution with water and the mixture may still be a flammable mixture. The vapors above these mixtures such as ethanol, methanol, or acetone can form flammable mixtures with air. Bodurtha [39] and Albaugh and Pratt [47] discuss the use of Raoult s law (activity coefficients) in evaluating the effects. Figures 7-52A and B illustrate the vapor-liquid data for ethyl alcohol and the flash point of various concentrations, the shaded area of flammability limits, and the UEL. Note that some of the plots are calculated and bear experimental data verification. 

In your laboratory work you will deal mostly with liquid solutions. Liquid solutions can be made by mixing two liquids (for example, alcohol and water), by dissolving a gas in a liquid (for example, carbon dioxide and water), or by dissolving a solid in a liquid (for example, sugar and water). The result is a homogeneous system containing more than one substance—a solution. In such a liquid, each component is diluted by the other component. In salt water, the salt... 

Alcohols, reaction of isocyanates with, 224-225 Alcoholysis, 69 Alicyclic dianhydrides, 297 Alignment coating, for liquid crystal devices, 269-270 Aliphatic AA-BB-type polyamides, synthesis of, 164-173 Aliphatic AB-type polyamides, 173-180 Aliphatic acids, 60... 

The reaction rate and therefore the heat production rate can be tempered by diluting the S03 concentration (or partial pressure) in the gas phase and their reducing the S03 flow (kmol/m2,s) to the gas-liquid interface. In other words, the rate of reaction will be controlled by the transport of S03 through the gasphase. Volumetric (or molar) levels of between 2.5% S03 and 7% will be applied in practice 2.5% for delicate alcohol ethoxylate sulfation and 7% for... 

Similar results have been obtained by Bonilla and Perry 79>, Insinger and Bliss 801, and others for a number of organic liquids such as benzene, alcohols, acetone, and carbon tetrachloride. The data in Table 9.9 for liquids boiling at atmospheric pressure show that tile maximum heat flux is much smaller with organic liquids than with water and the temperature difference at this condition is rather higher. In practice the critical value of AT may be exceeded. Sauer et al.m] found that the overall transfer coefficient U for boiling ethyl acetate with steam at 377 kN/m2 was only 14 per cent of that when the steam pressure was reduced to 115 kN/m2. 

The solvent-free 0-silylation can also be applied to liquid alcohols. Treatment of liquid alcohols 32-36 with various silyl chlorides at 60 °C for 5 h gave the corresponding 0-silyl ethers in good yields (Table 7). In this case, the steric bulkiness of the alcohol and reagent do not present any significant problem, except in the case of tertiary alcohols. 

P 60] The dehydration of 1-hexanol to hexane and of ethanol to ethane were conducted at 155 °C. Heating was accomplished by a heating wire inserted in the micro reactor s top plate. This wire was connected to a potentiostat (0-270 V) temperature was monitored by a digital thermometer with the probe close to the reaction channel. A syringe pump was applied for liquid transport [19]. A flow rate of 3 pi min was applied. The alcohols were purged with nitrogen directly prior to reaction to minimize coke formation. 

Design a shell and tube exchanger to heat 50,000 kg/h of liquid ethanol from 20°C to 80°C. Steam at 1.5 bar is available for heating. Assign the ethanol to the tube-side. The total pressure drop must not exceed 0.7 bar for the alcohol stream. Plant practice requires the use of carbon steel tubes, 25 mm inside diameter, 29 mm outside diameter, 4 m long. 

Gao JL, Habibollazadeh D, Shao L (1995) A polarizable intermolecular potential function for simulation of liquid alcohols. J Phys Chem 99(44) 16460-16467... 

The reductive carbonylation has an advantage of low feedstock cost. A wide range of homogenous metal complexes have been tested for both reactions (1-16). The major drawback of the use of metal complex catalysts is the difficulty of catalyst recovery and purification of the reaction products (12). In addition, the gaseous reactants have to be dissolved in the alcohol/amine mixture in order to have an access to the catalyst. The reaction is limited by the solubility of the gaseous CO and 02 reactants in the liquid alcohol reactant (17). 

Note that the dried rhizome of Cimicifuga racemosa (British Pharmaceutical Codex, 1934 black cohosh) has been used as a bitter and mild expectorant in the form of a liquid alcoholic extract (1 in 1 dose 0.3-2 mL) and is sold as alternative remedy for the treatment of menopausal syndrome at dose of 40-80 mg/day. The active constituents of black cohosh, and, therefore, the precise molecular mechanism of action involved in the climacteric property of Cimicifuga racemosa, are still unknown. The most recent data suggest that the plant is not estrogenic sensu stricto (126). 

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