Methyl, alcohol succinic acid

Among the compounds commonly determined in research laboratories are diacetyl, 2,3-butandiol, glycerol, citramalic acid, amino acids (especially proline), histamine, ammonia, succinic acid, phosphate, ash, alkalinity of the ash, ethyl, acetate, methyl anthranilate, total volatile esters, higher alcohols (both total and individually) phenolic compounds, etc. An elegant method for determining ethyl esters, capronate, caprylate, caprinate, and laurate using carbon disulfide extraction and GLC has been published (123). 

The synthesis of succinic acid derivatives, /3-alkoxy esters, and a,j3-unsaturated esters from olefins by palladium catalyzed carbonylation reactions in alcohol have been reported (24, 25, 26, 27), but full experimental details of the syntheses are incomplete and in most cases the yields of yS-alkoxy ester and diester products are low. A similar reaction employing stoichiometric amounts of palladium (II) has also been reported (28). In order to explore the scope of this reaction for the syntheses of yS-alkoxy esters and succinic acid derivatives, representative cyclic and acyclic olefins were carbonylated under these same conditions (Table I). The reactions were carried out in methanol at room temperature using catalytic amounts of palladium (II) chloride and stoichiometric amounts of copper (II) chloride under 2 atm of carbon monoxide. The methoxypalladation reaction of 1-pentene affords a good conversion (55% ) of olefin to methyl 3-methoxyhexanoate, the product of Markov-nikov addition. In the carbonylation of other 1-olefins, f3-methoxy methyl esters were obtained in high yields however, substitution of a methyl group on the double bond reduced the yield of ester markedly. For example, the carbonylation of 2-methyl-l-butene afforded < 10% yield of methyl 3-methyl-3-methoxypentanoate. This suggests that unsubstituted 1-olefins may be preferentially carbonylated in the presence of substituted 1-olefins or internal olefins. The reactivities of the olefins fall in the order RCH =CHo ]> ci -RCH=CHR > trans-RCH =CHR >... 

Bouveault1 claims that the yield of adipic acid is better on electrolyzing the methyl ester-salt in methyl-alcoholic solution. He obtained a yield of 80% by using a mercury cathode and a hollow platinum spiral anode, through which a current of cold water was passed. The acid succinic methyl ester occurs as the principal by-product, also a neutral methyl ester of a tribasic acid which was not investigated. 

Sodium succinate and sodium perchlorate, electrolyzed, by Hofer and Moest,2 gave hydracrylic acid as the chief product, besides acetaldehyde, acetic acid, methyl alcohol, and formic acid. The splitting off of carbonic acid and the introduction of the hydroxyl group occurs only at one carboxyl group ... 

While caoutchouc was first obtained by polymerizing isoprene it has been found that other hydrocarbons containing the buta i-ydi-ene group will likewise yield caoutchouc. Such hydrocarbons have been obtained from several sources, e.g., turpentiney petroleuniy coaly acetylene. Also compounds related to succinic acid, e.g., pyrotartaric acid (methyl succinic acid) are possible of transformation into isoprene. Levulinic acid, which is aceto propionic acid, CHa—CO—CH2—CH2—COOH, yields a cyclic sulphur compound, methyl-thiophen (p. 853), which, like methyl pyrrolidine, yields isoprene. Ethyl alcohol by conversion into acetone and then by aldol condensation with ethane yields 2-methyl buta 2-ene, CHa—C = CH—CHa which may be transformed... 

Asparagine is derived from succinic acid by replacing one hydrogen atom and one hydroxyl group by amido groups. The compound occurs in nature in asparagus and in many other plants. The reaction by which it is converted into malic acid, is similar to those in which methyl alcohol and acetic acid are formed from methylamine and acetamide, respectively —... 

Pectinatus Low-alcohol unpasteuiised beer, beer filling area, biofihn Rotten egg, unpleasant odour Turbidity Acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid, H2S, acetoin, methyl mercaptan and other sulphur compounds... 

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