Methyl ethyl-propyl alcohol

An isohexyl alcohol, (CjHg) (CHg). CH. CHg. CHg. OH (methyl-ethyl-propyl alcohol), is found in the form of esters in Eoman chamomile oil. This body is an oil of specific gravity 0 829, optical rotation [a]o = + 8 2°, and boiling at 154°. 

When exposed to ait, the sodium salts tend to take up moisture and form dihydrates. The alkah metal xanthates are soluble ia water, alcohols, the lower ketones, pyridine, and acetonitrile. They are not particularly soluble ia nonpolar solvents, eg, ether or ligroin. The solubiUties of a number of these salts are Hsted ia Table 4. Potassium isopropyl xanthate is soluble ia acetone to ca 6 wt %, whereas the corresponding methyl, ethyl, / -propyl, n-huty isobutyl, isoamyl, and benzyl [2720-79-8] xanthates are soluble to more than 10 wt % (12). The solubiUties of the commercially available xanthates ia water are plotted versus temperature ia Figure 1 (14). 

Esterification is one of the most important reactions of fatty acids (25). Several types of esters are produced including those resulting from reaction with monohydric alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, ethylene or propylene oxide, and acetjiene or vinyl acetate. The principal monohydric alcohols used are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, and isobutyl alcohols (26) (see Esterification Esters, organic). 

Esters of low volatility are accesible via several types of esterification. In the case of esters of butyl and amyl alcohols, water is removed as a binary azeotropic mixture with the alcohol. To produce esters of the lower alcohols (methyl, ethyl, propyl), it may be necessary to add a hydrocarbon such as benzene or toluene to increase the amount of distilled water. With high boiling alcohols, ie, benzyl, furfuryl, and P-phenylethyl, an accessory azeotroping Hquid is useful to eliminate the water by distillation. 

Alcohols.—It may be a liquid alcohol (methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc., glycerol, benzyl) or a solution of it in nater. In the former case its boiling-point will have already been determined. Itttiay be fiirthei identified (1) by converting it into the benzoic... 

Esters can also be synthesized by an acid-catalyzed nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol, a process called the Fischer esterification reaction. Unfortunately, the need to use an excess of a liquid alcohol as solvent effectively limits the method to the synthesis of methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl esters. 

Alcohols methyl, ethyl, propyl and other alcohols (in case of low-nitrated cellulose). 

Ethers methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl etc. ethers in mixtures with alcohols. 

Jennings et al (228) fractionated an extract from Bartlett pears into 32 volatile components of which five were found to contribute significantly to the characteristic pear aroma. Later studies indicated that esters of trans-2 cis-4 decadienoic acid and hexyl acetate were significant components of the Bartlett pear aroma (229, 230). More recently, numerous volatiles of Bartlett pears were separated and identified including esters of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and hexyl alcohols, and Cio to Ci8 fatty acids (231, 232). 

Vide supra, for the heats of soln. of ammonia in methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isobutyl alcohols. W. Herz and H. Fischer measured the distribution of ammonia between amyl alcohol and water at 25° and, expressing the results in grams per 100 c.c., he found ... 

Mixed ethers result when alcohols and phenols are used with thoria at 390°—420° and esterification takes place when alcohol and acid interact at 350°-400°. Esterification10 is more complete in the presence of titanic oxide at 280°—300°. One molecule of acid is used with twelve molecules of alcohol, and in this way methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and benzyl esters have been prepared from acetic, propionic and butyric acids. 

By replacing acetone with methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl or benzyl alcohol as a solvent, the reaction of j>, S methyl cyanodithioimido-carbonate (5) with potassium hydroxide furnished the unexpected key intermediates, -alkyl and benzyl -potassium cyanoimidocarbonates (30-34, Table IV). 

Consistent with the SN2 mechanism are the observations that the rate of reaction is 10 times slower when Br is the co-catalyst instead of I" and that the rates of carbonylation of methyl, ethyl, and propyl alcohols parallel the rates of ordinary SN2 substitution of the corresponding alkyl halides with methyl > ethyl > propyl. 

If the molecule has an easily accessible functional group such as an alcohol, phenol, or amino group, then alkyl chains of various lengths and bulks such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isopropyl, isobutyl or terf-butyl can be attached. 

Although the present major use of these hydrocarbons is as fuel, the tremendous possibilities offered for conversion to valuable chemicals makes it interesting to consider the research work which has been done and some of the results that have been attained. By oxidation these gases may be converted to methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl alcohols formaldehyde. acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and butryaldehyde formic, acetic, propionic, and butyric acids resins etc. An idea of the potentialities of hydrocarbon oxidation may be obtained by considering the theoretical yields of alcohols... 

The first, unsuccessful, attempts to prepare alkylsilver compounds were made as early as 1859 by Buckton5a and 1861 by Wanklyn and Carius5b. The reaction of silver chloride with diethylzinc yielded only metallic silver, and a mixture of ethylene, ethane and butane. Due to their low thermal stability alkylsilver compounds were entirely unknown until 1941, when Semerano and Riccoboni6 reported the formation of some alkylsilver complexes by the reaction of silver nitrate with tetraalkyllead in alcoholic solution at low temperatures (equation 1). The yellow to brown precipitates of the formula RAg (R = methyl, ethyl, propyl) were stable at —80 °C for several hours, but upon warming to room temperature rapid decomposition took place with formation of metallic silver and... 

Dipole moment 1.83-1.90. Dielectric constant (25 ) 51.7. Latent heal of fusion (mp) 3.025 kcal/mole latent heat of vaporization (bp) 9760 kcal/mole (calc), Crit temp 38Diacidic base. K, (25°) about 9 X 10 7. Forms salts with inorganic acids. Highly polar solvent. Powerful reducing agent. Dissolves many inorganic substances. Misc with water, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isobutyl alcohols. Forms an azeotropic mixture with water, bp 40 120.3°, which contains 55 mole-% (68.5 weight-%) NjH,. LD,g in mice (mg/kg) 57 i.v. 59 orally (Witkin),... 

Racemic <%-(dialkylamino)propiophenones, in which the dialkylamino group contained methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl groups in various combinations, have recently been reduced to the erythro-epimers of the related amino alcohols in good yield, whereas in these cases Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction does not afford satisfactory results.393... 

Solubility of Mercuric Chloride in Methyl, Ethyl Propyl, n Butyl, Iso Butyl and Allyl Alcohols. 

Just as the alcohols may be derived from methyl alcohol, the fatty acids can be derived by substituting hydrogen in formic acid by a radical such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc., and since there are two isomeric propyl radicals, ethylated methyl and dimethylated methyl, there should be two isomeric butyric acids ... 

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