AIMS

Sludge disposal typically can be responsible for 25 to 40 percent of the operating costs of a biological treatment system. Treatment of sludge is aimed primarily at reducing its volume. This is so because the sludge is usually 95 to 99 percent water and the cost of disposal... 

In this Dictionary 1 have aimed to provide an explanation of the terms used in the various branches of chemistry, together with brief accounts of important substances and chemical operations. The Dictionary is intended for use in schools, colleges and universities from the first study of chemistry up to about second year at university or college. We have necessarily had to be selective rather than comprehensive but most chemicals met with at this level should be included. 

In order to simplify the analysis of petroleum and its fractions, other preliminary separation techniques are employed, aiming generally to separate certain classes of components. 

Product characterization aims at defining their end-use properties by means of conventional standard measurements related as well as possible — and in any case, being the object of a large consensus— to end-use properties. We cite for example that octane numbers are supposed to represent the resistance of gasoline to knocking in ignition engines. 

Exploration activities are aimed at finding new volumes of hydrocarbons, thus replacing the volumes being produced. The success of a company s exploration efforts determines its prospects of remaining in business in the long term. 

Public consultation and participation aims to assure the quality, comprehensiveness and effectiveness of the EIA, as well as to ensure that the public s views are adequately taken into consideration in the decision-making process. 

The z-factor must be determined empirically (i.e. by experiment), but this has been done for many hydrocarbon gases, and correlation charts exist for the approximate determination of the z factor at various conditions of pressure and temperature. (Ref. Standing, M.B. and Katz, D.L., Density of natural gases, Trans. AIME, 1942). 

The ranking process is an important part of deciding an appraisal programme, since the activities should aim to reduce the uncertainty in those parameters which have the most impact on the range of uncertainty in HCIIP or UR. 

This rather low recovery factor may be boosted by implementing secondary recovery techniques, particularly water Injection, or gas injection, with the aim of maintaining reservoir pressure and prolonging both plateau and decline periods. The decision to implement these techniques (only one of which would be selected) Is both technical and economic. Technical considerations would be the external supply of gas, and the... 

Miscible processes are aimed at recovering oil which would normally be left behind as residual oil, by using a displacing fluid which actually mixes with the oil. Because the miscible drive fluid is usually more mobile than oil, it tends to bypass the oil giving rise to a low macroscopic sweep efficiency. The method is therefore best suited to high dip reservoirs. Typical miscible drive fluids include hydrocarbon solvents, hydrocarbon gases, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. 

The type of development, type and number of development wells, recovery factor and production profile are all inter-linked. Their dependency may be estimated using the above approach, but lends itself to the techniques of reservoir simulation introduced in Section 8.4. There is never an obvious single development plan for a field, and the optimum plan also involves the cost of the surface facilities required. The decision as to which development plan is the best is usually based on the economic criterion of profitability. Figure 9.1 represents a series of calculations, aimed at determining the optimum development plan (the one with the highest net present value, as defined in Section 13). 

Gas lift systems aim at lightening the liquid column by injecting gas into it, essentially stimulating natural flow. A gas lift string contains a number of valves located along the string. These valves are only required to kick-off the lifting process under normal... 

The basic aim of a decommissioning programme is to render all wells permanently safe and remove most, if not all, surface (or seabed) signs of production activity. How completely a site should be returned to its green field state, is a subject for discussion between government, operator and the public. 

The aim of defect segmentation is to delimit the detected defect as precise as possible from the background which surrounds the defect (fig. 8). The extracted characteristics of a detected casting defect depend considerable on the threshold value which is used during the defect segmentation. 

The aim is to develop a real-time surveillance method to ensure the safety of tests such as resistance tests and re-testing of pressure vessels, based on measurement carried out using acoustic emission technology. 

The present work was done with the aim to evaluate the efficiency of the acoustic emission method as a diagnostic tool for analysing a carbon plastic composite and its adhesive joints. The samples of the carbon plastic type UKN-5000 were used in the test. Non-defected samples and samples with artificial defects were tested. 

We have presented a neural network based spectrum classifier (NSC) aimed at ultrasonic resonance spectroscopy. The ultrasonic spectroscopy and the NSC has been evaluated in many industrial applications, such as concrete inspection, testing of aerospace composite structures, ball bearings, and aircraft multi-layer structures. The latter application has been presented in some detail. 

Using the equilibrium equations of the elasticity theory enables one to determine the stress tensor component (Tjj normal to the plane of translumination. The other stress components can be determined using additional measurements or additional information. We assume that there exists a temperature field T, the so-called fictitious temperature, which causes a stress field, equal to the residual stress pattern. In this paper we formulate the boundary-value problem for determining all components of the residual stresses from the results of the translumination of the specimen in a system of parallel planes. Theory of the fictitious temperature has been successfully used in the case of plane strain [2]. The aim of this paper is to show how this method can be applied in the general case. 

Thus we are now aiming to build constraints on the function i which correspond to those on c i.e. we desire that... 

In this paper, discontinuities in cylindrical specimens were studied by ultrasonic reflection tomography. The aim was threefold. First, to localize discontinuities from circular C-scan images. Second, to reconstruct quantitative cross-sectional images from circular B-scan profiles (i.e., reflection tomograms). Finally, to obtain three-dimensional information (i.e., discontinuity location, dimension and type) by stacking these reflection tomograms in multiple planes, in the third dimension. 

In order to determine the matrix thresholds, we present an expression of the coefficients dispersion that is related to the flattening of the cloud of the points around the central axis of inertia. The aim is to measure the distance to the G barycentre in block 3. So, we define this measure Square of Mean Distance to the center of Gravity as follow ... 

From standpoint of aims of the technical diagnostics (TD) it is necessary to select two probable states of the NDT objects (NDTO). The first, when defect in the material already has been formed might characterize as defective state of material (DSM). And second - when defect is not yet formed, but exist so changes in the spatial (volume) distribution (SD) of the physical-mechanical features (PMF) of the material, of its tense-deformed state (TDS), which under certain conditions will initiate defect origination. This is predefective state of material (PDSM). 

The field that generates these eddy currents is, by its nature, anisotropic, i e the eddy current signal response is directionally dependent on probe orientation. This can be used advantageously if one bears in mind that the corroded material one aims to detect usually displays random peaks and valleys, while man-made edges have a definite orientation. 

It is a probe whose the coil support is a small circular sticks with a straiglit section. The aim of our study is to assimilate the resulting magnetic field to a material point, hi order to minimize the lateral field, we have chosen the construction of conical coil where the lateral field at a contact point in respect to a straight configuration is decreased with an exponential factor. The results obtained from the curves are as follow ... 

The contribution that Hocking wished to make was to refine the sensor system and the instrumentation paekage so as to be able to incorporate the necessary functionality within a lightweight portable battery operated instrument. This implied a lower power level and very low-noise instrumentation. We aimed also for a low cost instrument able to operate for several hours from fully charged batteries and able to operate at a pull speed of 500mm/second. 

The Direct Current Potential Drop method (DCPD) has been evaluated for non destructive testing of uniaxially produced Powder Metallurgical (P/M) parts. The aim is to adapt DCPD to be functional as an ndt tool during production of parts. Defects can occur at different stages in the production cycle which means that DCPD has to be performed on components in different states and searching for different defects. 

The results of an experimental research activity aimed at the system setup of the Stress Pattern Analysis by Measuring Thermal Emission used to measure the sum of the principal stresses of the free surface are presented. 

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