Displacement fluid

Miscible fluid displacement is a process in which a fluid, which is miscible with oil at reservoir temperature and pressure conditions, is injected into a reservoir to displace oil. The miscible fluid (an oil-soluble gas or liquid) allows trapped oil to dissolve in it, and the oil is therefore mobilised. 

Fluid-Displacement Pumps In addition to pumps that depend on the mechanical ac tion of pistons, plungers, or impellers to move the liquid, other devices for this purpose employ displacement by a secondary fluid. This group includes air lifts and acid eggs. 

The buoyant force is proportional to the mass of fluid displaced by the particle, that is, as the particle falls through the surrounding water, it displaces a volume of fluid... 

Manometer An instrument that measures pressure by fluid displacement in a U-shaped tube. 

Fluid displacement upwards due to settling particles. Thus, the net downward velocity of the particle is reduced. 

When the fluid displaced is accelerated by wind or artificial means the process is called forced convection. With forced convection the rate of heat transfer is increased - substantially so in many cases. 

Figure 8.17. Fluid displacement resulting from movement of plane surface...

The buoyant force is, by the well-known Archimedes principle, the product of the mass of the fluid displaced by the particles and the acceleration from the external force. The volume of the particle is fn/ps, where ps is the density of the particle, and the particle displaces this same volume of fluid. The mass of fluid displaced is (m/ps) pf, where pf is the density of the fluid. The buoyant force is, then,... 

S. Sheppard, M. D. Mantle, A. J. Seder-man, M. L. Johns, L. F. Gladden 2003, (Magnetic resonance imaging study of complex fluid flow in porous media flow patterns and quantitative saturation profiling of amphiphilic fracturing fluid displacement in sandstone cores), Magn. Reson. Imag. 21, 365. 

Interpretation for irreducible water saturation assumes that the rock is water-wet or mixed-wet (water-wet during drainage but the pore surfaces contacted by oil becomes oil-wet upon imbibition). If a porous medium is water-wet and a nonwetting fluid displaces the water (drainage), then the non-wetting fluid will first occupy the larger pores and will enter the smaller pores only as the capillary pressure is increased. This process is similar to the accumulation of oil or gas in the pore space of a reservoir. Thus it is of interest to estimate the irreducible water saturation that is retained by capillarity after the hydrocarbon accumulates in an oil or gas reservoir. The FFI is an estimate of the amount of potential hydrocarbon in... 

In the first we use a sequence of different injection rates, rather than simply a single rate, as done conventionally. The larger flow rates provide for greater fluid displacements, thus providing information for a greater range of saturation. Furthermore, the different flow rates result in relatively different emphases for... 

Hydraulic actuators use fluid displacement to move a piston in a cylinder positioning the valve as needed for 0-100% fluid flow. This type actuator is incorporated when a large amount of force is necessary to operate the valve. 

Fig. 2.7. Flush configuration of a reaction model. Unreacted fluid enters the equilibrium system, which contains a unit volume of an aquifer and its pore fluid, displacing the reacted fluid.

In a flush model, reactant fluid displaces existing fluid from the equilibrium system. It is simplest to implement this model by determining the mass of water entering the system over a step and eliminating an equal mass of water component and the solutes it contains from the system. In this case, we ignore any density differences between the fluids. 

In this equation, and are the values of reaction progress at the beginning and end of the step nj is the mass in kg of the fluid (equal to nw, the water mass, plus the mass of the solutes) nk is the mole number of each mineral nr is the reaction rate (moles) for each reactant Mwk is the mole weight (g mol-1) of each mineral, and Mwr is the mole weight for each reactant and T, jsp is the fraction of the fluid displaced over the reaction step in a flush model (Adlsp is zero if a flush model is not invoked). 

When the fluid displaced by powder does not penetrate all the pores, the measured density will be less than the true density. When densities are... 

Fig. 4.2 A rod is forced with velocity V into a guide with a closed end. The fluid displaced by the rod motion is forced through the annular space.

There is still another method by which the density of insoluble solids can be determined. It is based on an ancient principle known as Archimedes principle when an object is suspended in a fluid, it APPEARS to lose weight equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. We say that the object is "buoyed up," and that the "buoyancy" is equal to the apparent weight loss. In equation form, Archimedes principle could be stated as... 

For reciprocating positive pumps and compressors the fluid displacement per stroke depends on the geometry, the fluid compressibility, the polytropic coefficient, and the internal leakages and volumetric losses, but basically not on the speed of machine. 

ASTM D1531, 2001. Standard test methods for relative permittivity (dielectric constant) and dissipation factor by fluid displacement procedures. 

Several experimental arrangements are used to measure and analyze the wetting of liquids on solid surfaces. Typical geometries are a spreading drop on a solid surface, liquid-fluid displacement through a capillary tube, steady immersion or withdrawal of fibers, plates or tapes from a pool of liquid, and the rotation of a horizontal cylinder in a liquid (Fig. 7.12). 

Figure 8. Phase diagram along with fluid displacement patterns based on the works by Lenormand et al.49 and Ewing and Berkowitz.50 Reproduced from Mukherjee and Wang41 with permission from Elsevier.

Miscible fluid displacement (miscible displacement) is an oil displacement process in which an alcohol, a refined hydrocarbon, a condensed petroleum gas, carbon dioxide, liquefied natural gas, or even exhaust gas is injected into an oil reservoir, at pressure levels such that the injected gas or fluid and reservoir oil are miscible the process may include the concurrent, alternating, or subsequent injection of water. 

One approach used with ionic carriers is to impregnate ion exchange membranes with the carrier feed solution. Ion exchange sites in the membrane are ion-paired to the facilitated transport carrier [54-56], The membrane is swollen with a solvent, usually water but sometimes glycerol, so that the carrier ions have some mobility. These membranes are, in effect, swollen polymeric gels, so the problem of carrier fluid displacement from the membrane pores if the bubble pressure is exceeded does not occur. Evaporation of the solvent remains a problem, and addition of solvent vapor to the feed gas is generally required. 

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