Aims and Organization

Among others, these initiatives materialized in the creation of national institutions oriented to the promotion and funding of scientific research, notably the Junta de Educagao Nacional (National Board for Education, JEN), created in 1929, and Instituto de Alta Cultura (Institute of High Culture, lAC), founded in 1936, under whose auspic young Portuguese scientists were sent abroad to be trained in scientific research. Ramos do O (1999) and Amaral (2001), 171-177. 

The statutes of the SCP were approved on 28th December 1911, and published in 1912. Ferreira da Silva was elected president, Mastbaum secretary and A. Seabra treasurer. This first executive committee decided to establish the headquarters of the SCP in Lisbon, and to form an administrative committee composed of three chemists, two from Lisbon and one from the University of Coimbra, which had not participated in any prior initiatives leading to the society s foundation. Coimbra s absence was probably the outcome of the status it conferred to chemistry and chemical research, subsidiary in many respects to medicine. Throughout the nineteenth century, chemical courses at the University of Coimbra, the only university in the country, were attended mainly by medical students, generally oriented to pursue careers as physicians. 

On 26th January 1912, a meeting to elect the administrative committee of the SCP was held, the statutes were read and some minor changes were introduced. The administrative committee was composed of a president, two vice-presidents, two secretaries, one of them holding also the position of librarian, a treasurer and three voting members. The secretaries, the treasurer and one of the presidents should reside in Lisbon. Mandates were annual, but could be followed by a second one. According to the statutes, the society was supported by the fees paid by members, donations and the income from the selling of publications.  

The president was Ferreira da Silva Achilles Machado and Alvaro Basto became vice-presidents Mastbaum was first secretary Cardoso Pereira was second secretary Armando Seabra became the treasurer Carlos von Bonhorst, Cesar Lima Alves and Pereira Salgado were voting members. 

Meetings were held monthly and decisions made and papers delivered were to be published in the society s journal. While monthly meetings were held in Lisbon, extraordinary meetings were to be held at Oporto and Coimbra, whenever the executive committee thought it convenient, a decision which shows the society s intent to decentralize its activities. Concerning the practical implementation of the routines outlined in the statutes of the SCP little can be said, because no archival material on which to base an evaluation has survived. 

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Figure 3.9. Annual volume-weighted stream water sulfate, nitrate, calcium concentrations, pH, and concentrations of total (Aim) and organic dissolved aluminum (Alo) at the reference watershed of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest from 1963-2000. Note that dissolved inorganic aluminum is the difference between total and organic dissolved aluminum...

Unloaded silica does not recover HPA from aqueous solution. The surface of silica gel modified with quarternary ammonium salts (QAS) gets anion-exchange properties. The aim of the work is the elaboration of solid-phase reagents on the base of ion associate of HPA with QAS immobilized onto silica surface for the determination of phosphoms and organic reductants. Heterocyclic (safranine and lucigenine) and aliphatic (trinonyloctadecyl ammonium iodide and tetradecyl ammonium nitrate) compounds have been examined as QAS. 

With improvements in scientific knowledge and related technology, there is an expectation that more environmentally friendly pesticides will continue to be introduced, and that ecotoxicity testing procedures will become more sophisticated. There is much interest in the introduction of better testing procedures that work to more ecologically relevant end points than the lethal toxicity tests that are still widely used. Such a development should be consistent with the aims of organizations such as FRAME and ECVAM, which seek to reduce toxicity testing with animals. Mechanistic biomarker assays have the potential to be an important part of... 

Kjellstrand P, Hohnquist B, Aim P, et al. 1983a. Trichloroethylene Further studies of the effects on body and organ weights and plasma butyrylcholinesterase activity in mice. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 53 375-384. 

Children from anthroposophic schools (Steiner schools), children from neighbouring schools Dietary detail not reported, but consumption of fermented vegetables and organic food assessed Significant reduction in atopic disease in anthroposophic children (Aim et al., 1999)... 

As mentioned earlier, biological systems have developed optimized strategies to design materials with elaborate nanostructures [6]. A straightforward approach to obtaining nanoparticles with controlled size and organization should therefore rely on so-called biomimetic syntheses where one aims to reproduce in vitro the natural processes of biomineralization. In this context, a first possibility is to extract and analyze the biological (macro)-molecules that are involved in these processes and to use them as templates for the formation of the same materials. Such an approach has been widely developed for calcium carbonate biomimetic synthesis [13]. In the case of oxide nanomaterials, the most studied system so far is the silica shell formed by diatoms [14]. 

Unfortunately, this virtuosity is sometimes viewed instead as a baffling complexity. One of the purposes of this book, therefore, is to show that there is an underlying order and organization that can serve as a logical framework and guide to this variety and to the interplay between properties and these structural features. The interplay is important because of the need to understand how structural modifications made to achieve some desired property can affect other properties at the same time. There are a great many structural factors that determine the nature of the mechanical behavior of such materials. One of the primary aims of this book is to... 

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