AIMS Research Unit

AIMS Research Unit, University of Nottingham School of Chemical, Environmental and Mining Engineering Nottingham, United Kingdom... 

This form of adverse event monitoring was pioneered and developed by the Drug Safety Research Unit (DSRU) in Southampton. The aim is to... 

In the enzyme design approach, as discussed in the first part of this chapter, one attempts to utilize the mechanistic understanding of chemical reactions and enzyme structure to create a new catalyst. This approach represents a largely academic research field aiming at fundamental understanding of biocatalysis. Indeed, the invention of functional artificial enzymes can be considered to be the ultimate test for any theory on enzyme mechanisms. Most artificial enzymes, to date, do not fulfill the conditions of catalytic efficiency and price per unit necessary for industrial applications. 

The National Science Foundation (NSF) provides support to all the basic sciences and engineering in universities. NSF support of chemistry is very important, both the support directed to fundamental research initiated by individual investigators and the research done in research centers such as those aimed at developing new materials or at understanding and improving the environment. The support is critical, but more is needed for the chemistry division of NSF to achieve its objectives.10 Considering the importance of basic and applied chemistry and chemical engineering to the economic future of the United States, it seems that an increase in the ability of NSF to support fundamental and applied chemical science is warranted. 

Bioethics is a discipline that deals with the moral issues of biological research and its application in medicine. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in its 2005 Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights addresses ethical issues related to medicine, life sciences, and associated technologies as applied to human beings. The aim of the declaration is to provide a universal framework of principles and procedures... 

FFF is still a growing area of research and there are specific fields of application pushing toward innovations both in terms of instrumentation and methodology. For example, MgFFF has been developed specifically for stem cell research, and FIFFF (either FIF FIFFF or AsFlFFF and traditional FIFFF) is driven overall by pharmaceutical-biological applications. In addition, as for others analytical techniques, the new tendency for FFF is toward miniaturization of the instruments. As examples we cite the hollow fiber channel for FIFFF [49], the microthermal unit developed by Janca [50], the microthermal-electrical unit by Gale and coworkers [51], or the SPLITT cells by Hoyos and coworkers [52]. In this regard, we should say that some important but very specialized topics were not reviewed here such as the SPLITT cells and separation channels similar to FFF that are useful for preparative aims, as they would require a detailed description which has already been reported in books and reviews [53,54]. 

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