AIM model

When we enter the values of A, I, and M into the model, the state of the brain-mind—including its conscious aspect—is represented as a point in a three-dimensional state space. This point is constantly moving, and its location and trajectory are controlled by intrinsic and extrinsic influences. Using the AIM model measures we can—for the first time—begin to map normal and abnormal alternatives in conscious state onto a physiologically realistic schema. 

The three-dimensional AIM model is a first attempt to concretize and to visualize the state space concept. Because it has three dimensions, it is a space, not a plane, as are traditional representations of waking, sleeping, and dreaming. Furthermore, when realistic values are assigned to the three dimensions of the model—and with time as the fourth dimension—orbital trajectories of conscious state change emerge from the mapping. 

To accommodate the effects on the activated brain of pulling it off-line with respect to its external inputs and outputs, and to recognize the fact that this gating does not parallel the electrical activation of the brain in REM, I have assigned the second dimension of the three dimensional AIM model, the dimension I, to input-output gating. In the case of factor I, we have an elaborately detailed picture of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that are called into play during REM sleep. 

This normalizing account of hypnagogic hallucinations lends itself nicely to explanation in terms of AIM and hence to integration with those spontaneous and induced alterations in conscious state that interest us most. For example, an exaggeration of the normal tendency to hallucinate at sleep onset is seen in narcolepsy, as well as with the use of clinical and recreational drugs that alter the M axis of the AIM model in ways that promote REM sleep phenomena, including the intense dreaming often associated with it. 

In terms of the brain-mind paradigm and its 3-D map, the AIM model, SSRIs produce the equivalent of a stimulant effect as well as paradoxical sedation. The upward shift of the M dimension, caused by the elevation in aminergic drive, makes descent into deep sleep impossible, just as amphetamines make falling asleep at all more difficult. Because subjects spend much more time in light sleep at or near waking levels, they naturally experience more dreaming and they are more aware of it because they awaken more often. 

H2SO4 -93 to 25 8.0 H2S04-4H20, H2S04-6.5H20 Marion 2002 AIM model 3... 

Analogies and differences with the atoms in molecules (AIM) model... 

The atoms in molecules (AIM) model of a molecule proposed by Bader14 is completely based on the properties of the electron density. The maxima and minima of the density are used to define a volume in the space, which can be associated with a particular atom in a molecule. Notice that such atoms in a molecule are clearly not spherical, and they extend over all the space with sharp boundaries between two atoms. The information about the zones of depletion or accumulation of charge is extracted from the Laplacian of the density, V2p(r). The Laplacian of a function determines where the function will locally augment its value, V2p(r) < 0, and where it will decrease its value, V2p(r) > 0. This cannot be made using just the density because the density is a monotonically decreasing function. Hence, the regions of the space where V2p(r) < 0... 

The solution of the Aim model is based on ihe steedy-state species balances (mass or molar units) that were developed in Section 2.3 for a binary system. 

The atomic charge will always be intermediate between the oxidation number of the atom (which is based on a purely ionic bond) and its formal charge (which is based on a purely covalent bond). Thus, for example, the q(Q) calculated using the AIM model for the F atom in HF is —0.7073 (which is intermediate between its oxidation number of — I and its formal charge of 0). In contrast, q(Q) for the Cl atom... 

One integral aspect of chemistry is that chemical bonds, formed from the interaction of electron density, hold the atoms of a molecnle together. Therefore, it is essential for any AIM model to explicitly define the bond. 

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